release: v1.0.11

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -35,6 +35,15 @@ jobs:
           go-version: "1.22.x"
           cache-dependency-path: backend/go.sum
 
+      - name: Set version from tag
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          if [[ "$GITHUB_REF" == refs/tags/v* ]]; then
+            echo "CLICD_VERSION=${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/v}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          else
+            echo "CLICD_VERSION=dev" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
+
       - name: Build
         shell: bash
         run: bash build.sh

.gitignore

@@ -62,3 +62,5 @@ backend/tmp/
 # OS
 .DS_Store
 Thumbs.db
+linux.txt
+push-release.ps1

README.md

@@ -19,14 +19,13 @@ CLICD 是一个面向 LXC 的轻量容器管理面板，提供 Web 控制台、C
 
 1. 支持 Ubuntu、Debian、Alpine、CentOS、Arch Linux、Fedora、Rocky Linux 等系统镜像。镜像可以在镜像管理中按需下载；如果宿主机资源比较小，建议优先选择 Alpine 这类轻量镜像。
 2. 支持 WebSSH 管理，可以在浏览器里一键进入容器终端，不需要手动复制 SSH 密码。
-3. 支持子用户管理链接，管理员可以把指定容器分发给拼车用户，子用户只能管理自己被授权的容器。
-4. 支持设置 NAT4 端口数量、NAT 端口映射和协议限制，并支持分配公网 IPv6。IPv6 分配要求宿主机本身拥有可路由的 IPv6 地址段。
-5. 支持超售容量估算。宿主机控制页提供 KSM 合并、Swap 倾向和 cgroup v2 `memory.reclaim` 一次性回收能力；不会展示 LXC 下无实际通用效果的内存气球回收开关。
-6. 支持 API 接入，可以通过 API 完成容器、任务、镜像、端口、流量、安全告警等功能的自动化控制。
-7. 支持仅使用 CLI 管理。需要关闭 Web 控制台时，可以停止并禁用 systemd 服务，然后使用 `clicd cli --no-web` 进入命令行模式。
-8. 支持设置容器有效期。到期后容器会自动关机，子用户无法继续操作，只有管理员重新设置延期日期后才能恢复使用。
-9. 支持单向和双向网络流量限制。达到限制后容器会自动关机，避免流量超额。
-10. 内置基于 conntrack 的轻量安全告警。系统不会保存完整正常连接日志，但会对端口扫描、横向扫描、爆破倾向、SMTP 滥用、UDP 反射、挖矿端口、代理/VPN/Tor 等可疑行为生成告警并写入审计日志。
+3. 支持设置 NAT4 端口数量、NAT 端口映射和协议限制，并支持分配公网 IPv6。IPv6 分配要求宿主机本身拥有可路由的 IPv6 地址段。
+4. 支持单向和双向网络流量限制。达到限制后容器会自动关机，避免流量超额。
+5. 支持设置容器有效期。到期后容器会自动关机，子用户无法继续操作，只有管理员重新设置延期日期后才能恢复使用。
+6. 内置基于 conntrack 的轻量安全告警。系统不会保存完整正常连接日志，但会对端口扫描、横向扫描、爆破倾向、SMTP 滥用、UDP 反射、挖矿端口、代理/VPN/Tor 等可疑行为生成告警并写入审计日志。
+7. 支持子用户管理链接，管理员可以把指定容器分发给拼车用户，子用户只能管理自己被授权的容器。
+8. 支持 API 接入，可以通过 API 完成容器、任务、镜像、端口、流量、安全告警等功能的自动化控制。
+9. 支持仅使用 CLI 管理。需要关闭 Web 控制台时，可以停止并禁用 systemd 服务，然后使用 `clicd cli --no-web` 进入命令行模式。
 
 ## 技术栈
 
@@ -37,93 +36,32 @@ CLICD 是一个面向 LXC 的轻量容器管理面板，提供 Web 控制台、C
 
 ## 安装
 
-推荐使用 GitHub Actions 构建出的 Release 产物。下载 `clicd-linux-amd64.tar.gz` 后在目标服务器上执行：
+一键安装：
 
 ```bash
-tar -xzf clicd-linux-amd64.tar.gz
-cd clicd-linux-amd64
-sudo ./install.sh
+curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MengMengCode/CLICD/main/install.sh | sudo sh
 ```
 
-安装完成后访问：
-
-```text
-http://YOUR_SERVER_IP:8999
-```
-
-首次启动时会自动初始化管理员账号：
-
-```text
-Username: admin
-Password: 随机 16 位密码
-```
-
-安装脚本会尝试从 systemd 日志中输出初始账号密码。如果机器上已经存在 `/root/.clicd/config.json`，则不会重新生成密码。
-
-查看初始密码日志：
+一键卸载：
 
 ```bash
-journalctl -u clicd --no-pager -n 80 | grep -E "Username:|Password:"
+curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MengMengCode/CLICD/main/install.sh | sudo sh -s -- uninstall
 ```
 
-## GitHub Actions 构建
+![alt text](/img/image.png)
+![alt text](/img/image-1.png)
+![alt text](/img/image-2.png)
 
-仓库内置 `.github/workflows/build.yml`：
+## Star History
 
-- 推送到 `main` 或 `master` 时自动构建 Linux amd64 产物。
-- 创建 `v*` 标签时自动发布 GitHub Release。
-- 支持手动 `workflow_dispatch` 构建。
+<a href="https://www.star-history.com/?repos=MengMengCode%2FCLICD&type=date&legend=top-left">
+ <picture>
+   <source media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" srcset="https://api.star-history.com/chart?repos=MengMengCode/CLICD&type=date&theme=dark&legend=top-left" />
+   <source media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" srcset="https://api.star-history.com/chart?repos=MengMengCode/CLICD&type=date&legend=top-left" />
+   <img alt="Star History Chart" src="https://api.star-history.com/chart?repos=MengMengCode/CLICD&type=date&legend=top-left" />
+ </picture>
+</a>
 
-发布版本示例：
+## 鸣谢
 
-```bash
-git tag v1.0.0
-git push origin v1.0.0
-```
-
-Release 会包含：
-
-```text
-clicd-linux-amd64.tar.gz
-clicd-linux-amd64
-SHA256SUMS
-```
-
-## CLI 模式
-
-进入 CLI：
-
-```bash
-clicd cli
-```
-
-仅使用 CLI，不自动拉起 Web 服务：
-
-```bash
-systemctl stop clicd
-systemctl disable clicd
-clicd cli --no-web
-```
-
-重新启用 Web 控制台：
-
-```bash
-systemctl enable --now clicd
-```
-
-## 常用服务命令
-
-```bash
-systemctl status clicd
-systemctl restart clicd
-journalctl -u clicd -f
-```
-
-## 注意事项
-
-- 需要 root 权限安装和运行。
-- 宿主机需要支持 LXC。
-- NAT 和端口映射依赖 iptables。
-- 安全告警依赖 conntrack 或 `/proc/net/nf_conntrack`。
-- IPv6 分配要求宿主机拥有可用公网 IPv6 地址段。
-- 配置文件位于 `/root/.clicd/config.json`，其中包含敏感信息，不要提交到公开仓库。
+- [Linux.do](https://linux.do) — 一个充满灵感的科技社区

backend/internal/api/apikey.go

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ package api
 
 import (
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/subtle"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"net"
@@ -11,8 +13,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"clicd/internal/config"
-
-	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5"
 )
 
 type ApiKey struct {
@@ -116,6 +116,11 @@ func generateShortID() string {
 
 // hashKey creates a simple hash for storage (not reversible)
 func hashKey(key string) string {
+	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(key))
+	return hex.EncodeToString(sum[:])
+}
+
+func legacyHashKey(key string) string {
 	b := make([]byte, 32)
 	for i := range key {
 		b[i%32] ^= key[i]
@@ -126,8 +131,10 @@ func hashKey(key string) string {
 // validateApiKey checks if the given key is valid and IP is allowed
 func validateApiKey(rawKey, clientIP string) bool {
 	hashed := hashKey(rawKey)
+	legacyHashed := legacyHashKey(rawKey)
 	for _, k := range config.AppConfig.ApiKeys {
-		if k.KeyHash == hashed {
+		if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(k.KeyHash), []byte(hashed)) == 1 ||
+			subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(k.KeyHash), []byte(legacyHashed)) == 1 {
 			if k.IPWhitelist == "" {
 				return true
 			}
@@ -137,6 +144,29 @@ func validateApiKey(rawKey, clientIP string) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
+func apiKeyFromRequest(r *http.Request) string {
+	if apiKey := strings.TrimSpace(r.Header.Get("X-API-Key")); apiKey != "" {
+		return apiKey
+	}
+	auth := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
+	if strings.HasPrefix(auth, "Bearer clicd_sk_") {
+		return strings.TrimPrefix(auth, "Bearer ")
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func isValidApiKeyRequest(r *http.Request) bool {
+	apiKey := apiKeyFromRequest(r)
+	if apiKey == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	if !validateApiKey(apiKey, clientIP(r)) {
+		return false
+	}
+	updateApiKeyLastUsed(apiKey)
+	return true
+}
+
 // isIPAllowed checks if clientIP matches any entry in the whitelist
 func isIPAllowed(clientIP, whitelist string) bool {
 	clientIP = strings.TrimSpace(clientIP)
@@ -211,52 +241,15 @@ func updateApiKeyLastUsed(rawKey string) {
 	}
 }
 
-// ApiKeyMiddleware authenticates requests via X-API-Key header or ?api_key query param
+// ApiKeyMiddleware authenticates requests via X-API-Key header or Authorization bearer.
 func ApiKeyMiddleware(next http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		// Check header
-		apiKey := r.Header.Get("X-API-Key")
-		if apiKey == "" {
-			// Check query param
-			apiKey = r.URL.Query().Get("api_key")
-		}
-		if apiKey == "" {
-			// Check Bearer token (some clients use this)
-			auth := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
-			if strings.HasPrefix(auth, "Bearer clicd_sk_") {
-				apiKey = strings.TrimPrefix(auth, "Bearer ")
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Get client IP
-		clientIP := r.RemoteAddr
-		if forwarded := r.Header.Get("X-Forwarded-For"); forwarded != "" {
-			clientIP = strings.Split(forwarded, ",")[0]
-		}
-		if apiKey == "" || !validateApiKey(apiKey, clientIP) {
+		apiKey := apiKeyFromRequest(r)
+		if apiKey == "" || !validateApiKey(apiKey, clientIP(r)) {
 			jsonResponse(w, http.StatusUnauthorized, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Invalid API key or IP not in whitelist"})
 			return
 		}
 
-		// Generate a short-lived JWT so downstream admin middleware passes
-		token := jwt.NewWithClaims(jwt.SigningMethodHS256, jwt.MapClaims{
-			"username": config.AppConfig.AdminUser,
-			"api_key":  true,
-			"exp":      time.Now().Add(5 * time.Minute).Unix(),
-			"iat":      time.Now().Unix(),
-		})
-		tokenString, _ := token.SignedString([]byte(config.AppConfig.JWTSecret))
-
-		// Set cookie for subsequent requests
-		http.SetCookie(w, &http.Cookie{
-			Name:     "clicd_token",
-			Value:    tokenString,
-			Path:     "/",
-			HttpOnly: false,
-			SameSite: http.SameSiteLaxMode,
-			MaxAge:   300,
-		})
-
 		updateApiKeyLastUsed(apiKey)
 		next(w, r)
 	}

backend/internal/api/auth.go

@@ -67,6 +67,27 @@ func claimsFromToken(tokenString string) (jwt.MapClaims, bool) {
 		return nil, false
 	}
 	claims, ok := token.Claims.(jwt.MapClaims)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+
+	// For sub-user tokens, check token_version against stored version (password rotation invalidation)
+	if subUser, _ := claims["sub_user"].(string); subUser != "" {
+		tokenVersionFloat, hasVersion := claims["token_version"].(float64)
+		tokenVersion := int(tokenVersionFloat)
+		for i := range config.AppConfig.SubUsers {
+			if config.AppConfig.SubUsers[i].Username == subUser {
+				stored := config.AppConfig.SubUsers[i].TokenVersion
+				// If stored version > 0, require token_version to match exactly.
+				// This also rejects legacy tokens that lack token_version entirely.
+				if stored > 0 && (!hasVersion || tokenVersion != stored) {
+					return nil, false
+				}
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	return claims, ok
 }
 
@@ -100,10 +121,7 @@ func HandleLogin(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	ip := r.RemoteAddr
-	if forwarded := r.Header.Get("X-Forwarded-For"); forwarded != "" {
-		ip = forwarded
-	}
+	ip := clientIP(r)
 	ua := r.Header.Get("User-Agent")
 
 	if req.Username != config.AppConfig.AdminUser {
@@ -192,7 +210,7 @@ func HandleCheckAuth(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 func AuthMiddleware(next http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		tokenString := tokenFromRequest(r)
-		if !isValidToken(tokenString) {
+		if !isValidToken(tokenString) && !isValidApiKeyRequest(r) {
 			jsonResponse(w, http.StatusUnauthorized, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Authentication required"})
 			return
 		}

backend/internal/api/handlers.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"clicd/internal/config"
 	"clicd/internal/lxc"
+	"clicd/internal/version"
 )
 
 var lxcManager = lxc.NewManager()
@@ -30,16 +31,35 @@ func HandleSingleContainer(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	path := strings.TrimPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/api/containers/")
 	parts := strings.SplitN(path, "/", 2)
 	c := containerByIdentifier(parts[0])
-	if c == nil {
-		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusNotFound, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Container not found"})
-		return
+	id := 0
+	if c != nil {
+		id = c.ID
 	}
-	id := c.ID
 	action := ""
 	if len(parts) > 1 {
 		action = parts[1]
 	}
 
+	// Snapshot delete/restore operations: allow even if the container was deleted
+	isSnapshotDelete := strings.HasPrefix(action, "snapshots/") && r.Method == http.MethodDelete
+	isSnapshotRestore := strings.HasPrefix(action, "snapshots/") && strings.HasSuffix(action, "/restore") && r.Method == http.MethodPost
+	isSnapshotAction := isSnapshotDelete || isSnapshotRestore
+	if !isSnapshotAction && c == nil {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusNotFound, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Container not found"})
+		return
+	}
+	if isSnapshotAction && id == 0 {
+		// For orphaned snapshots, resolve containerID from the snapshot itself
+		snapshotID := strings.TrimPrefix(action, "snapshots/")
+		snapshotID = strings.TrimSuffix(snapshotID, "/restore")
+		snapshot := config.FindSnapshot(snapshotID)
+		if snapshot == nil {
+			jsonResponse(w, http.StatusNotFound, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Snapshot not found"})
+			return
+		}
+		id = snapshot.ContainerID
+	}
+
 	switch {
 	case action == "start" && r.Method == http.MethodPost:
 		HandleSingleTaskAction(w, r, id, "start")
@@ -69,6 +89,8 @@ func HandleSingleContainer(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		updateExpiry(w, r, id)
 	case action == "ipv6" && r.Method == http.MethodPost:
 		assignIPv6(w, r, id)
+	case action == "snapshots" || strings.HasPrefix(action, "snapshots/"):
+		handleContainerSnapshots(w, r, id, action)
 	case action == "port-mappings" && r.Method == http.MethodPost:
 		addPortMapping(w, r, id)
 	case strings.HasPrefix(action, "port-mappings/") && r.Method == http.MethodPut:
@@ -83,10 +105,7 @@ func HandleSingleContainer(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 }
 
 func listContainers(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	containers, err := lxcManager.ListContainers()
-	if err != nil {
-		containers = config.AppConfig.Containers
-	}
+	containers, _ := listByRuntime()
 	containers = filterContainersForRequest(r, containers)
 	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Data: containers})
 }
@@ -101,10 +120,15 @@ func createContainer(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusBadRequest, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Container name is required"})
 		return
 	}
+	cfg.Virtualization = runtimeFromRequest(cfg.Virtualization)
 	if cfg.TemplateID == "" {
 		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusBadRequest, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Template is required"})
 		return
 	}
+	if !isImageEnabledAndDownloaded(cfg.TemplateID, cfg.Virtualization) {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusForbidden, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Template is not enabled or downloaded"})
+		return
+	}
 	if cfg.VCPU <= 0 {
 		cfg.VCPU = 1
 	}
@@ -121,7 +145,10 @@ func createContainer(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusBadRequest, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Port mapping count cannot exceed 64"})
 		return
 	}
-	if err := validateContainerResourceRequest(cfg.VCPU, cfg.RAMMB, cfg.DiskGB); err != nil {
+	if cfg.SnapshotLimit <= 0 {
+		cfg.SnapshotLimit = config.DefaultSnapshotLimit
+	}
+	if err := validateRuntimeResourceRequest(cfg.Virtualization, cfg.VCPU, cfg.RAMMB, cfg.DiskGB); err != nil {
 		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusBadRequest, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: err.Error()})
 		return
 	}
@@ -137,7 +164,7 @@ func createContainer(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if err := lxcManager.CreateContainer(cfg); err != nil {
+	if err := createByRuntime(cfg); err != nil {
 		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: err.Error()})
 		return
 	}
@@ -154,7 +181,7 @@ func getContainer(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, id int) {
 }
 
 func getUsage(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, id int) {
-	usage, err := lxcManager.GetResourceUsage(id)
+	usage, err := usageByRuntime(id)
 	if err != nil {
 		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: err.Error()})
 		return
@@ -163,7 +190,7 @@ func getUsage(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, id int) {
 }
 
 func getTraffic(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, id int) {
-	info := lxcManager.GetTrafficInfo(id)
+	info := trafficByRuntime(id)
 	if info == nil {
 		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusNotFound, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Container not found"})
 		return
@@ -252,7 +279,7 @@ func updateResourceLimit(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, id int) {
 	if req.RAMMB > 0 {
 		nextRAMMB = req.RAMMB
 	}
-	if err := validateContainerResourceRequest(nextVCPU, nextRAMMB, c.DiskGB); err != nil {
+	if err := validateRuntimeResourceRequest(c.Runtime(), nextVCPU, nextRAMMB, c.DiskGB); err != nil {
 		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusBadRequest, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: err.Error()})
 		return
 	}
@@ -265,7 +292,7 @@ func updateResourceLimit(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, id int) {
 
 	// Re-apply resource limits to running container
 	if c.Status == "running" {
-		if err := lxcManager.ApplyContainerLimits(c); err != nil {
+		if err := applyLimitsByRuntime(c); err != nil {
 			jsonResponse(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: err.Error()})
 			return
 		}
@@ -311,6 +338,10 @@ func HandleTemplates(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Method not allowed"})
 		return
 	}
+	if isSubUserRequest(r) {
+		HandleEnabledImages(w, r)
+		return
+	}
 	templates := lxc.GetTemplates()
 	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Data: templates})
 }
@@ -321,10 +352,7 @@ func HandleDashboard(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Method not allowed"})
 		return
 	}
-	containers, err := lxcManager.ListContainers()
-	if err != nil {
-		containers = config.AppConfig.Containers
-	}
+	containers, _ := listByRuntime()
 	running := 0
 	stopped := 0
 	for _, c := range containers {
@@ -358,7 +386,7 @@ func resetSSHPassword(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, id int) {
 		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusForbidden, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "容器已到期，不允许此操作"})
 		return
 	}
-	newPassword, err := lxcManager.ResetSSHPassword(id)
+	newPassword, err := resetPasswordByRuntime(id)
 	if err != nil {
 		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: err.Error()})
 		return
@@ -438,3 +466,14 @@ func deletePortMapping(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, id int, indexStr
 	}
 	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Data: mappings})
 }
+
+// HandleVersion returns the current CLICD version.
+func HandleVersion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	if r.Method != http.MethodGet {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Method not allowed"})
+		return
+	}
+	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Data: map[string]string{
+		"version": version.Current(),
+	}})
+}

backend/internal/api/images.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 
 	"clicd/internal/config"
+	"clicd/internal/kvm"
 	"clicd/internal/lxc"
 )
 
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 type ImageInfo struct {
 	ID          string `json:"id"`
 	Name        string `json:"name"`
+	Type        string `json:"type"`
 	Distro      string `json:"distro"`
 	Release     string `json:"release"`
 	Arch        string `json:"arch"`
@@ -78,6 +80,9 @@ func getEnabledImageSet() map[string]bool {
 		for _, t := range lxc.GetTemplates() {
 			set[t.ID] = true
 		}
+		for _, t := range kvm.GetImages() {
+			set[t.ID] = true
+		}
 	} else {
 		for _, id := range config.AppConfig.EnabledImages {
 			set[id] = true
@@ -93,16 +98,34 @@ func HandleImages(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	templates := lxc.GetTemplates()
 	enabledSet := getEnabledImageSet()
 
-	images := make([]ImageInfo, 0, len(templates))
+	templates := lxc.GetTemplates()
+	images := make([]ImageInfo, 0, len(templates)+len(kvm.GetImages()))
 	for _, t := range templates {
 		_, downloading := imageDownloads[t.ID]
 		downloaded, size := imageDownloadedInfo(t.Distro, t.Release, t.Arch)
 		images = append(images, ImageInfo{
 			ID:          t.ID,
 			Name:        t.Name,
+			Type:        config.VirtualizationLXC,
+			Distro:      t.Distro,
+			Release:     t.Release,
+			Arch:        t.Arch,
+			Description: t.Description,
+			Downloaded:  downloaded,
+			Enabled:     enabledSet[t.ID],
+			Downloading: downloading,
+			SizeBytes:   size,
+		})
+	}
+	for _, t := range kvm.GetImages() {
+		_, downloading := imageDownloads[t.ID]
+		downloaded, size := kvm.ImageDownloadedInfo(t.ID)
+		images = append(images, ImageInfo{
+			ID:          t.ID,
+			Name:        t.Name,
+			Type:        config.VirtualizationKVM,
 			Distro:      t.Distro,
 			Release:     t.Release,
 			Arch:        t.Arch,
@@ -134,7 +157,35 @@ func HandleImageDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
 	tmpl := lxc.FindTemplate(req.TemplateID)
 	if tmpl == nil {
-		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusNotFound, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Template not found"})
+		image := kvm.FindImage(req.TemplateID)
+		if image == nil {
+			jsonResponse(w, http.StatusNotFound, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Template not found"})
+			return
+		}
+		if ok, _ := kvm.ImageDownloadedInfo(image.ID); ok {
+			ensureImageEnabled(image.ID)
+			jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Message: "Already downloaded"})
+			return
+		}
+		imageDownloadsMu.Lock()
+		if imageDownloads[req.TemplateID] {
+			imageDownloadsMu.Unlock()
+			jsonResponse(w, http.StatusConflict, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Already downloading"})
+			return
+		}
+		imageDownloads[req.TemplateID] = true
+		imageDownloadsMu.Unlock()
+		defer func() {
+			imageDownloadsMu.Lock()
+			delete(imageDownloads, req.TemplateID)
+			imageDownloadsMu.Unlock()
+		}()
+		ensureImageEnabled(image.ID)
+		if err := kvm.DownloadImage(*image); err != nil {
+			jsonResponse(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Download failed: " + err.Error()})
+			return
+		}
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Message: "Downloaded successfully"})
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -206,6 +257,15 @@ func HandleImageDelete(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
 	tmpl := lxc.FindTemplate(req.TemplateID)
 	if tmpl == nil {
+		if image := kvm.FindImage(req.TemplateID); image != nil {
+			if err := kvm.DeleteImage(image.ID); err != nil {
+				jsonResponse(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Failed to delete image cache: " + err.Error()})
+				return
+			}
+			removeImageEnabled(image.ID)
+			jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Message: "Deleted"})
+			return
+		}
 		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusNotFound, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Template not found"})
 		return
 	}
@@ -259,19 +319,56 @@ func HandleEnabledImages(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	templates := lxc.GetTemplates()
+	runtime := runtimeFromRequest(r.URL.Query().Get("type"))
 	enabledSet := getEnabledImageSet()
 
-	result := make([]lxc.Template, 0)
-	for _, t := range templates {
-		if enabledSet[t.ID] && isImageDownloaded(t.Distro, t.Release, t.Arch) {
-			result = append(result, t)
+	result := make([]map[string]string, 0)
+	if runtime == config.VirtualizationKVM {
+		for _, t := range kvm.GetImages() {
+			if downloaded, _ := kvm.ImageDownloadedInfo(t.ID); enabledSet[t.ID] && downloaded {
+				result = append(result, map[string]string{
+					"id": t.ID, "name": t.Name, "distro": t.Distro, "release": t.Release, "arch": t.Arch,
+					"description": t.Description, "type": config.VirtualizationKVM,
+				})
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		for _, t := range lxc.GetTemplates() {
+			if enabledSet[t.ID] && isImageDownloaded(t.Distro, t.Release, t.Arch) {
+				result = append(result, map[string]string{
+					"id": t.ID, "name": t.Name, "distro": t.Distro, "release": t.Release, "arch": t.Arch,
+					"variant": t.Variant, "description": t.Description, "type": config.VirtualizationLXC,
+				})
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Data: result})
 }
 
+func isTemplateEnabledAndDownloaded(templateID string) bool {
+	return isImageEnabledAndDownloaded(templateID, runtimeFromTemplateID(templateID))
+}
+
+func isImageEnabledAndDownloaded(templateID string, runtime string) bool {
+	runtime = runtimeFromRequest(runtime)
+	if runtime == config.VirtualizationKVM {
+		image := kvm.FindImage(templateID)
+		if image == nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		enabledSet := getEnabledImageSet()
+		downloaded, _ := kvm.ImageDownloadedInfo(image.ID)
+		return enabledSet[image.ID] && downloaded
+	}
+	tmpl := lxc.FindTemplate(templateID)
+	if tmpl == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	enabledSet := getEnabledImageSet()
+	return enabledSet[tmpl.ID] && isImageDownloaded(tmpl.Distro, tmpl.Release, tmpl.Arch)
+}
+
 func ensureImageEnabled(id string) {
 	// If the enabled list is empty, all templates are currently enabled by default.
 	// We must populate the list with all template IDs first so that explicit toggles stick.
@@ -279,6 +376,9 @@ func ensureImageEnabled(id string) {
 		for _, t := range lxc.GetTemplates() {
 			config.AppConfig.EnabledImages = append(config.AppConfig.EnabledImages, t.ID)
 		}
+		for _, t := range kvm.GetImages() {
+			config.AppConfig.EnabledImages = append(config.AppConfig.EnabledImages, t.ID)
+		}
 		config.SaveConfig()
 		return // Already contains all IDs including this one
 	}
@@ -304,6 +404,11 @@ func removeImageEnabled(id string) {
 				config.AppConfig.EnabledImages = append(config.AppConfig.EnabledImages, t.ID)
 			}
 		}
+		for _, t := range kvm.GetImages() {
+			if t.ID != id {
+				config.AppConfig.EnabledImages = append(config.AppConfig.EnabledImages, t.ID)
+			}
+		}
 		config.SaveConfig()
 		return
 	}

backend/internal/api/ipv6.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ func HandleIPv6Status(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 }
 
 func assignIPv6(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, id int) {
-	c, err := lxcManager.AssignIPv6(id)
+	c, err := assignIPv6ByRuntime(id)
 	if err != nil {
 		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusBadRequest, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: err.Error()})
 		return

backend/internal/api/oversell.go

@@ -1,224 +0,0 @@
-package api
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-	"net/http"
-	"os"
-	"os/exec"
-	"strconv"
-	"strings"
-
-	"clicd/internal/config"
-)
-
-// HandleOversell handles GET/POST for oversell config
-func HandleOversell(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	switch r.Method {
-	case http.MethodGet:
-		getOversell(w, r)
-	case http.MethodPost:
-		updateOversell(w, r)
-	default:
-		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Method not allowed"})
-	}
-}
-
-func getOversell(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Data: config.AppConfig.Oversell})
-}
-
-func updateOversell(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	var cfg config.OversellConfig
-	if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&cfg); err != nil {
-		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusBadRequest, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Invalid request body"})
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Apply KSM
-	if cfg.KSMEnabled {
-		exec.Command("sh", "-c", "echo 1 > /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/run 2>/dev/null").Run()
-		exec.Command("sh", "-c", "echo 1000 > /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/sleep_millisecs 2>/dev/null").Run()
-	} else {
-		exec.Command("sh", "-c", "echo 0 > /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/run 2>/dev/null").Run()
-	}
-
-	// Apply swappiness
-	if cfg.Swappiness >= 0 && cfg.Swappiness <= 100 {
-		exec.Command("sh", "-c", fmt.Sprintf("echo %d > /proc/sys/vm/swappiness", cfg.Swappiness)).Run()
-	}
-
-	// Oversell multipliers are capacity-planning values. They must not increase
-	// an individual container's CPU or RAM limits.
-	reapplyContainerLimits()
-
-	config.AppConfig.Oversell = cfg
-	if err := config.SaveConfig(); err != nil {
-		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Failed to save config"})
-		return
-	}
-
-	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Message: "Oversell config updated", Data: cfg})
-}
-
-// reapplyContainerLimits restores cgroup limits for all running containers from
-// their assigned container resources.
-func reapplyContainerLimits() {
-	for _, c := range config.AppConfig.Containers {
-		if c.Status != "running" {
-			continue
-		}
-		if err := lxcManager.ApplyContainerLimits(&c); err != nil {
-			fmt.Printf("Warning: failed to reapply resource limits for %s: %v\n", c.LxcName(), err)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// HandleOversellStatus returns current oversell resource usage
-func HandleOversellStatus(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	if r.Method != http.MethodGet {
-		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Method not allowed"})
-		return
-	}
-
-	status := map[string]interface{}{
-		"ksm_active":        isKSMEnabled(),
-		"ksm_pages":         getKSMPages(),
-		"ksm_supported":     isKSMSupported(),
-		"swappiness":        getSwappiness(),
-		"reclaim_supported": isMemoryReclaimSupported(),
-		"allocated_cpu":     getAllocatedCPU(),
-		"allocated_ram_mb":  getAllocatedRAM(),
-		"allocated_disk_gb": getAllocatedDisk(),
-	}
-
-	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Data: status})
-}
-
-// HandleOversellReclaim triggers one cgroup v2 memory.reclaim pass for running containers.
-func HandleOversellReclaim(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	if r.Method != http.MethodPost {
-		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Method not allowed"})
-		return
-	}
-
-	result := reclaimContainerMemory()
-	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Message: "Memory reclaim triggered", Data: result})
-}
-
-func reclaimContainerMemory() map[string]interface{} {
-	attempted := 0
-	reclaimed := 0
-	unsupported := 0
-	errors := make([]string, 0)
-
-	for _, c := range config.AppConfig.Containers {
-		if c.Status != "running" {
-			continue
-		}
-		attempted++
-		reclaimPath := findMemoryReclaimPath(c.LxcName())
-		if reclaimPath == "" {
-			unsupported++
-			continue
-		}
-		if err := os.WriteFile(reclaimPath, []byte("64M"), 0644); err != nil {
-			errors = append(errors, fmt.Sprintf("%s: %v", c.Name, err))
-			continue
-		}
-		reclaimed++
-	}
-
-	return map[string]interface{}{
-		"attempted":   attempted,
-		"reclaimed":   reclaimed,
-		"unsupported": unsupported,
-		"errors":      errors,
-	}
-}
-
-func isKSMEnabled() bool {
-	data, err := os.ReadFile("/sys/kernel/mm/ksm/run")
-	if err != nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	return strings.TrimSpace(string(data)) == "1"
-}
-
-func isKSMSupported() bool {
-	if _, err := os.Stat("/sys/kernel/mm/ksm/run"); err != nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-func getKSMPages() int64 {
-	data, err := os.ReadFile("/sys/kernel/mm/ksm/pages_shared")
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0
-	}
-	val, _ := strconv.ParseInt(strings.TrimSpace(string(data)), 10, 64)
-	return val
-}
-
-func getSwappiness() int {
-	data, err := os.ReadFile("/proc/sys/vm/swappiness")
-	if err != nil {
-		return 60
-	}
-	val, _ := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(string(data)))
-	return val
-}
-
-func isMemoryReclaimSupported() bool {
-	if _, err := os.Stat("/sys/fs/cgroup/memory.reclaim"); err == nil {
-		return true
-	}
-	for _, c := range config.AppConfig.Containers {
-		if c.Status != "running" {
-			continue
-		}
-		if findMemoryReclaimPath(c.LxcName()) != "" {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
-func findMemoryReclaimPath(lxcName string) string {
-	candidates := []string{
-		fmt.Sprintf("/sys/fs/cgroup/lxc/%s/memory.reclaim", lxcName),
-		fmt.Sprintf("/sys/fs/cgroup/lxc.payload.%s/memory.reclaim", lxcName),
-		fmt.Sprintf("/sys/fs/cgroup/system.slice/lxc@%s.service/memory.reclaim", lxcName),
-	}
-	for _, path := range candidates {
-		if _, err := os.Stat(path); err == nil {
-			return path
-		}
-	}
-	return ""
-}
-
-func getAllocatedCPU() float64 {
-	total := 0.0
-	for _, c := range config.AppConfig.Containers {
-		total += c.VCPU
-	}
-	return total
-}
-
-func getAllocatedRAM() int64 {
-	total := int64(0)
-	for _, c := range config.AppConfig.Containers {
-		total += int64(c.RAMMB)
-	}
-	return total
-}
-
-func getAllocatedDisk() int64 {
-	total := int64(0)
-	for _, c := range config.AppConfig.Containers {
-		total += int64(c.DiskGB)
-	}
-	return total
-}

backend/internal/api/request.go

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package api
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+func clientIP(r *http.Request) string {
+	host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(strings.TrimSpace(r.RemoteAddr))
+	if err == nil {
+		return host
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSpace(r.RemoteAddr)
+}

backend/internal/api/routing.go

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+package api
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"sort"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"clicd/internal/config"
+	"clicd/internal/lxc"
+)
+
+type routeCapacity struct {
+	Used      int    `json:"used"`
+	Remaining string `json:"remaining"`
+	Total     string `json:"total"`
+}
+
+type nat4Route struct {
+	ContainerID   int    `json:"container_id"`
+	ContainerName string `json:"container_name"`
+	LXCName       string `json:"lxc_name"`
+	Status        string `json:"status"`
+	IP            string `json:"ip"`
+	HostPort      int    `json:"host_port"`
+	ContainerPort int    `json:"container_port"`
+	Protocol      string `json:"protocol"`
+	Description   string `json:"description"`
+}
+
+type ipv6Route struct {
+	ContainerID   int    `json:"container_id"`
+	ContainerName string `json:"container_name"`
+	LXCName       string `json:"lxc_name"`
+	Status        string `json:"status"`
+	Address       string `json:"address"`
+	PrefixLen     int    `json:"prefix_len"`
+	Interface     string `json:"interface"`
+}
+
+type routingResponse struct {
+	NAT4            routeCapacity        `json:"nat4"`
+	IPv6            routeCapacity        `json:"ipv6"`
+	NAT4Mappings    []nat4Route          `json:"nat4_mappings"`
+	IPv6Assignments []ipv6Route          `json:"ipv6_assignments"`
+	IPv6Prefixes    []lxc.IPv6PrefixInfo `json:"ipv6_prefixes"`
+}
+
+func HandleRouting(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	if r.Method != http.MethodGet {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Method not allowed"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	nat4Mappings := make([]nat4Route, 0)
+	usedPorts := map[int]bool{}
+	ipv6Assignments := make([]ipv6Route, 0)
+
+	const nat4StartPort = 20000
+	const nat4EndPort = 65535
+
+	for _, c := range config.AppConfig.Containers {
+		for _, pm := range c.PortMappings {
+			if pm.HostPort >= nat4StartPort && pm.HostPort <= nat4EndPort {
+				usedPorts[pm.HostPort] = true
+			}
+			nat4Mappings = append(nat4Mappings, nat4Route{
+				ContainerID:   c.ID,
+				ContainerName: c.Name,
+				LXCName:       c.LxcName(),
+				Status:        c.Status,
+				IP:            c.IP,
+				HostPort:      pm.HostPort,
+				ContainerPort: pm.ContainerPort,
+				Protocol:      pm.Protocol,
+				Description:   pm.Description,
+			})
+		}
+		if c.IPv6 != "" {
+			ipv6Assignments = append(ipv6Assignments, ipv6Route{
+				ContainerID:   c.ID,
+				ContainerName: c.Name,
+				LXCName:       c.LxcName(),
+				Status:        c.Status,
+				Address:       c.IPv6,
+				PrefixLen:     c.IPv6PrefixLen,
+				Interface:     c.IPv6Interface,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	sort.SliceStable(nat4Mappings, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if nat4Mappings[i].HostPort == nat4Mappings[j].HostPort {
+			return nat4Mappings[i].ContainerName < nat4Mappings[j].ContainerName
+		}
+		return nat4Mappings[i].HostPort < nat4Mappings[j].HostPort
+	})
+	sort.SliceStable(ipv6Assignments, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return ipv6Assignments[i].Address < ipv6Assignments[j].Address
+	})
+
+	const totalNAT4Ports = nat4EndPort - nat4StartPort + 1
+	nat4Used := len(usedPorts)
+	nat4Remaining := totalNAT4Ports - nat4Used
+	if nat4Remaining < 0 {
+		nat4Remaining = 0
+	}
+
+	prefixes := lxc.DetectPublicIPv6Prefixes()
+	ipv6Total := "0"
+	ipv6Remaining := "0"
+	if len(prefixes) > 0 {
+		ipv6Total = lxc.IPv6PrefixCapacity(prefixes[0].PrefixLen)
+		ipv6Remaining = subtractCapacity(ipv6Total, len(ipv6Assignments))
+	}
+
+	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{
+		Success: true,
+		Data: routingResponse{
+			NAT4: routeCapacity{
+				Used:      nat4Used,
+				Remaining: strconv.Itoa(nat4Remaining),
+				Total:     strconv.Itoa(totalNAT4Ports),
+			},
+			IPv6: routeCapacity{
+				Used:      len(ipv6Assignments),
+				Remaining: ipv6Remaining,
+				Total:     ipv6Total,
+			},
+			NAT4Mappings:    nat4Mappings,
+			IPv6Assignments: ipv6Assignments,
+			IPv6Prefixes:    prefixes,
+		},
+	})
+}
+
+func subtractCapacity(total string, used int) string {
+	if total == "" || total == "0" {
+		return "0"
+	}
+	if total == "large" {
+		return "large"
+	}
+	parsed, err := strconv.ParseInt(total, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return total
+	}
+	remaining := parsed - int64(used)
+	if remaining < 0 {
+		remaining = 0
+	}
+	return strconv.FormatInt(remaining, 10)
+}

backend/internal/api/runtime.go

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+package api
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+
+	"clicd/internal/config"
+	"clicd/internal/kvm"
+	"clicd/internal/lxc"
+)
+
+var kvmManager = kvm.NewManager()
+
+func runtimeFromRequest(value string) string {
+	return config.NormalizeVirtualization(value)
+}
+
+func runtimeFromTemplateID(templateID string) string {
+	if kvm.FindImage(templateID) != nil {
+		return config.VirtualizationKVM
+	}
+	return config.VirtualizationLXC
+}
+
+func createByRuntime(cfg lxc.ContainerConfig) error {
+	cfg.Virtualization = runtimeFromRequest(cfg.Virtualization)
+	if cfg.Virtualization == config.VirtualizationKVM {
+		return kvmManager.CreateContainer(cfg)
+	}
+	return lxcManager.CreateContainer(cfg)
+}
+
+func startByRuntime(id int) error {
+	c := config.FindContainer(id)
+	if c != nil && c.IsKVM() {
+		return kvmManager.StartContainer(id)
+	}
+	return lxcManager.StartContainer(id)
+}
+
+func stopByRuntime(id int) error {
+	c := config.FindContainer(id)
+	if c != nil && c.IsKVM() {
+		return kvmManager.StopContainer(id)
+	}
+	return lxcManager.StopContainer(id)
+}
+
+func restartByRuntime(id int) error {
+	c := config.FindContainer(id)
+	if c != nil && c.IsKVM() {
+		return kvmManager.RestartContainer(id)
+	}
+	return lxcManager.RestartContainer(id)
+}
+
+func destroyByRuntime(id int) error {
+	c := config.FindContainer(id)
+	if c != nil && c.IsKVM() {
+		return kvmManager.DestroyContainer(id)
+	}
+	return lxcManager.DestroyContainer(id)
+}
+
+func reinstallByRuntime(id int, templateID string) error {
+	c := config.FindContainer(id)
+	if c != nil && c.IsKVM() {
+		return kvmManager.ReinstallContainer(id, templateID)
+	}
+	return lxcManager.ReinstallContainer(id, templateID)
+}
+
+func resetPasswordByRuntime(id int) (string, error) {
+	c := config.FindContainer(id)
+	if c != nil && c.IsKVM() {
+		return kvmManager.ResetSSHPassword(id)
+	}
+	return lxcManager.ResetSSHPassword(id)
+}
+
+func assignIPv6ByRuntime(id int) (*config.Container, error) {
+	c := config.FindContainer(id)
+	if c != nil && c.IsKVM() {
+		return kvmManager.AssignIPv6(id)
+	}
+	return lxcManager.AssignIPv6(id)
+}
+
+func usageByRuntime(id int) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	c := config.FindContainer(id)
+	if c != nil && c.IsKVM() {
+		return kvmManager.GetResourceUsage(id)
+	}
+	return lxcManager.GetResourceUsage(id)
+}
+
+func trafficByRuntime(id int) map[string]interface{} {
+	c := config.FindContainer(id)
+	if c != nil && c.IsKVM() {
+		return kvmManager.GetTrafficInfo(id)
+	}
+	return lxcManager.GetTrafficInfo(id)
+}
+
+func createSnapshotByRuntime(id int, createdBy string, scheduled bool, rotateLimit int) (config.Snapshot, error) {
+	c := config.FindContainer(id)
+	if c != nil && c.IsKVM() {
+		return kvmManager.CreateSnapshot(id, createdBy, scheduled, rotateLimit)
+	}
+	return lxcManager.CreateSnapshot(id, createdBy, scheduled, rotateLimit)
+}
+
+func deleteSnapshotByRuntime(snapshotID string) error {
+	snapshot := config.FindSnapshot(snapshotID)
+	if snapshot != nil {
+		if c := config.FindContainer(snapshot.ContainerID); c != nil && c.IsKVM() {
+			return kvmManager.DeleteSnapshot(snapshotID)
+		}
+		if strings.Contains(snapshot.Path, string(os.PathSeparator)+"kvm"+string(os.PathSeparator)) {
+			return kvmManager.DeleteSnapshot(snapshotID)
+		}
+	}
+	return lxcManager.DeleteSnapshot(snapshotID)
+}
+
+func restoreSnapshotByRuntime(snapshotID string) error {
+	snapshot := config.FindSnapshot(snapshotID)
+	if snapshot != nil {
+		if c := config.FindContainer(snapshot.ContainerID); c != nil && c.IsKVM() {
+			return kvmManager.RestoreSnapshot(snapshotID)
+		}
+		if strings.Contains(snapshot.Path, string(os.PathSeparator)+"kvm"+string(os.PathSeparator)) {
+			return kvmManager.RestoreSnapshot(snapshotID)
+		}
+	}
+	return lxcManager.RestoreSnapshot(snapshotID)
+}
+
+func setSnapshotScheduleByRuntime(id int, enabled bool, intervalHours int, scheduleTime string, createdBy string) (*config.Container, error) {
+	c := config.FindContainer(id)
+	if c != nil && c.IsKVM() {
+		return kvmManager.SetSnapshotSchedule(id, enabled, intervalHours, scheduleTime, createdBy)
+	}
+	return lxcManager.SetSnapshotSchedule(id, enabled, intervalHours, scheduleTime, createdBy)
+}
+
+func applyLimitsByRuntime(c *config.Container) error {
+	if c != nil && c.IsKVM() {
+		return kvmManager.ApplyContainerLimits(c)
+	}
+	return lxcManager.ApplyContainerLimits(c)
+}
+
+func listByRuntime() ([]config.Container, error) {
+	containers, err := lxcManager.ListContainers()
+	if err != nil {
+		containers = config.AppConfig.Containers
+	}
+	containers = kvmManager.ListContainers(containers)
+	return containers, err
+}
+
+func validateRuntimeResourceRequest(runtime string, vcpu float64, ramMB int, diskGB int) error {
+	if runtime == config.VirtualizationKVM {
+		if vcpu < 1 || math.Abs(vcpu-math.Round(vcpu)) > 0.000001 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("KVM vCPU must be a whole number and at least 1")
+		}
+	}
+	return validateContainerResourceRequest(vcpu, ramMB, diskGB)
+}

backend/internal/api/snapshots.go

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+package api
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"sort"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"clicd/internal/config"
+)
+
+func HandleSnapshots(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	if r.Method != http.MethodGet {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Method not allowed"})
+		return
+	}
+	snapshots := append([]config.Snapshot(nil), config.AppConfig.Snapshots...)
+	sortSnapshotsNewestFirst(snapshots)
+	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Data: snapshots})
+}
+
+func handleContainerSnapshots(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, containerID int, action string) {
+	switch {
+	case action == "snapshots" && r.Method == http.MethodGet:
+		listContainerSnapshots(w, r, containerID)
+	case action == "snapshots" && r.Method == http.MethodPost:
+		createContainerSnapshot(w, r, containerID)
+	case action == "snapshots/schedule" && r.Method == http.MethodPost:
+		updateSnapshotSchedule(w, r, containerID)
+	case action == "snapshots/quota" && r.Method == http.MethodPut:
+		updateSnapshotQuota(w, r, containerID)
+	case strings.HasPrefix(action, "snapshots/") && strings.HasSuffix(action, "/restore") && r.Method == http.MethodPost:
+		snapshotID := strings.TrimSuffix(strings.TrimPrefix(action, "snapshots/"), "/restore")
+		restoreContainerSnapshot(w, r, containerID, snapshotID)
+	case strings.HasPrefix(action, "snapshots/") && r.Method == http.MethodDelete:
+		snapshotID := strings.TrimPrefix(action, "snapshots/")
+		deleteContainerSnapshot(w, r, containerID, snapshotID)
+	default:
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusNotFound, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Snapshot action not found"})
+	}
+}
+
+func listContainerSnapshots(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, containerID int) {
+	c := config.FindContainer(containerID)
+	if c == nil {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusNotFound, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Container not found"})
+		return
+	}
+	snapshots := config.ContainerSnapshots(containerID)
+	sortSnapshotsNewestFirst(snapshots)
+	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Data: map[string]interface{}{
+		"snapshots": snapshots,
+		"quota":     config.ContainerSnapshotLimit(c),
+		"schedule": map[string]interface{}{
+			"enabled":        c.SnapshotScheduleEnabled,
+			"interval_hours": c.SnapshotScheduleIntervalHours,
+			"time":           c.SnapshotScheduleTime,
+			"last_run":       c.SnapshotScheduleLastRun,
+			"next_run":       c.SnapshotScheduleNextRun,
+			"created_by":     c.SnapshotScheduleCreatedBy,
+		},
+	}})
+}
+
+func createContainerSnapshot(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, containerID int) {
+	user := requestUser(r)
+	if isSubUserRequest(r) {
+		c := config.FindContainer(containerID)
+		limit := config.ContainerSnapshotLimit(c)
+		if len(config.ContainerSnapshots(containerID)) >= limit {
+			jsonResponse(w, http.StatusForbidden, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Snapshot quota reached. Delete an old snapshot first."})
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	snapshot, err := createSnapshotByRuntime(containerID, user, false, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: err.Error()})
+		return
+	}
+	config.AddAuditLog("snapshot.create", snapshot.ContainerName, snapshot.ID, user)
+	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusCreated, APIResponse{Success: true, Data: snapshot})
+}
+
+func updateSnapshotQuota(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, containerID int) {
+	if isSubUserRequest(r) {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusForbidden, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Sub-users cannot change snapshot quota"})
+		return
+	}
+	var req struct {
+		SnapshotLimit int `json:"snapshot_limit"`
+	}
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&req); err != nil {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusBadRequest, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Invalid request body"})
+		return
+	}
+	if req.SnapshotLimit <= 0 {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusBadRequest, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Snapshot quota must be at least 1"})
+		return
+	}
+	c := config.FindContainer(containerID)
+	if c == nil {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusNotFound, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Container not found"})
+		return
+	}
+	c.SnapshotLimit = req.SnapshotLimit
+	if err := config.SaveConfig(); err != nil {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Failed to save config"})
+		return
+	}
+	user := requestUser(r)
+	config.AddAuditLog("snapshot.quota", c.Name, "limit="+strconv.Itoa(req.SnapshotLimit), user)
+	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Data: map[string]interface{}{
+		"container": c,
+		"quota":     c.SnapshotLimit,
+	}})
+}
+
+func updateSnapshotSchedule(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, containerID int) {
+	var req struct {
+		Enabled       bool   `json:"enabled"`
+		IntervalHours int    `json:"interval_hours"`
+		Time          string `json:"time"`
+	}
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&req); err != nil {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusBadRequest, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Invalid request body"})
+		return
+	}
+	if req.IntervalHours <= 0 {
+		req.IntervalHours = 24
+	}
+	if req.IntervalHours < 24 {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusBadRequest, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Snapshot schedule interval cannot be less than 24 hours"})
+		return
+	}
+	if req.Time == "" {
+		req.Time = "03:00"
+	}
+	user := requestUser(r)
+	c, err := setSnapshotScheduleByRuntime(containerID, req.Enabled, req.IntervalHours, req.Time, user)
+	if err != nil {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusBadRequest, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: err.Error()})
+		return
+	}
+
+	if req.Enabled {
+		config.AddAuditLog("snapshot.schedule", c.Name, "enabled", user)
+	} else {
+		config.AddAuditLog("snapshot.schedule", c.Name, "disabled", user)
+	}
+
+	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Data: map[string]interface{}{
+		"container": c,
+	}})
+}
+
+func deleteContainerSnapshot(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, containerID int, snapshotID string) {
+	snapshot := config.FindSnapshot(snapshotID)
+	if snapshot == nil || snapshot.ContainerID != containerID {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusNotFound, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Snapshot not found"})
+		return
+	}
+	user := requestUser(r)
+	if err := deleteSnapshotByRuntime(snapshotID); err != nil {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: err.Error()})
+		return
+	}
+	config.AddAuditLog("snapshot.delete", snapshot.ContainerName, snapshot.ID, user)
+	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Message: "Snapshot deleted"})
+}
+
+func restoreContainerSnapshot(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, containerID int, snapshotID string) {
+	snapshot := config.FindSnapshot(snapshotID)
+	if snapshot == nil || snapshot.ContainerID != containerID {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusNotFound, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Snapshot not found"})
+		return
+	}
+	user := requestUser(r)
+	if err := restoreSnapshotByRuntime(snapshotID); err != nil {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: err.Error()})
+		return
+	}
+	config.AddAuditLog("snapshot.restore", snapshot.ContainerName, snapshot.ID, user)
+	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Message: "Snapshot restored"})
+}
+
+func requestUser(r *http.Request) string {
+	if claims, ok := claimsFromRequest(r); ok {
+		if subUser, _ := claims["sub_user"].(string); subUser != "" {
+			return "user:" + subUser
+		}
+		if username, _ := claims["username"].(string); username != "" {
+			return username
+		}
+	}
+	return "admin"
+}
+
+func sortSnapshotsNewestFirst(snapshots []config.Snapshot) {
+	sort.SliceStable(snapshots, func(i, j int) bool {
+		ti, _ := time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", snapshots[i].CreatedAt)
+		tj, _ := time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", snapshots[j].CreatedAt)
+		return tj.Before(ti)
+	})
+}

backend/internal/api/ssh.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package api
 
 import (
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ func HandleWebSSHTicket(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
 // HandleWebSSH proxies an SSH session to the browser over WebSocket.
 func HandleWebSSH(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	ticket := r.URL.Query().Get("ticket")
+	ticket := webSSHTicketFromRequest(r)
 	if ticket == "" {
 		http.Error(w, "ticket required", http.StatusUnauthorized)
 		return
@@ -100,21 +101,39 @@ func HandleWebSSH(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 	if c.IP == "" {
-		if ip, err := lxcManager.GetContainerIP(c.LxcName()); err == nil {
+		var ip string
+		var err error
+		if c.IsKVM() {
+			ip, err = kvmManager.GetContainerIP(c.VirshName())
+		} else {
+			ip, err = lxcManager.GetContainerIP(c.LxcName())
+		}
+		if err == nil {
 			c.IP = ip
 			config.SaveConfig()
 		}
 	}
-	if c.IP == "" {
+	if c.IP == "" && !c.IsKVM() {
 		if ip, err := lxcManager.EnsureContainerIPv4(c.ID); err == nil && ip != "" {
 			c.IP = ip
 		}
 	}
+	if c.IP == "" && c.IsKVM() {
+		if err := kvmManager.EnsureSSH(c.ID); err == nil {
+			if refreshed := config.FindContainer(c.ID); refreshed != nil {
+				c = refreshed
+			}
+		}
+	}
 	if c.IP == "" {
 		http.Error(w, "container ip is not available", http.StatusBadRequest)
 		return
 	}
-	ws, err := upgrader.Upgrade(w, r, nil)
+	responseHeader := http.Header{}
+	if protocol := webSSHTicketProtocol(r); protocol != "" {
+		responseHeader.Set("Sec-WebSocket-Protocol", protocol)
+	}
+	ws, err := upgrader.Upgrade(w, r, responseHeader)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("WebSSH upgrade failed: %v", err)
 		return
@@ -122,6 +141,10 @@ func HandleWebSSH(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	defer ws.Close()
 
 	if c.SSHPassword == "" {
+		if c.IsKVM() {
+			writeWebSocketText(ws, nil, "\r\nKVM SSH password is not available. Reinstall or reset after SSH is ready.\r\n")
+			return
+		}
 		writeWebSocketText(ws, nil, "\r\nPreparing SSH service. This can take up to 90 seconds on first boot...\r\n")
 		if err := lxcManager.EnsureSSH(c.ID); err != nil {
 			writeWebSocketText(ws, nil, fmt.Sprintf("\r\nSSH auto setup failed: %v\r\n", err))
@@ -141,7 +164,7 @@ func HandleWebSSH(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		Auth: []ssh.AuthMethod{
 			ssh.Password(c.SSHPassword),
 		},
-		HostKeyCallback: ssh.InsecureIgnoreHostKey(),
+		HostKeyCallback: containerHostKeyCallback(c),
 		Timeout:         4 * time.Second,
 	}
 
@@ -149,25 +172,48 @@ func HandleWebSSH(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	writeWebSocketText(ws, nil, fmt.Sprintf("Connecting to %s...\r\n", addr))
 	client, err := ssh.Dial("tcp", addr, sshConfig)
 	if err != nil {
-		writeWebSocketText(ws, nil, "\r\nSSH is not ready yet, preparing service. This can take up to 90 seconds on first boot...\r\n")
-		if setupErr := lxcManager.EnsureSSH(c.ID); setupErr != nil {
-			writeWebSocketText(ws, nil, fmt.Sprintf("\r\nSSH auto setup failed: %v\r\n", setupErr))
-			return
-		}
-		if refreshed := config.FindContainer(c.ID); refreshed != nil {
-			c = refreshed
-		}
-		if ip, ipErr := lxcManager.GetContainerIP(c.LxcName()); ipErr == nil && ip != "" {
-			c.IP = ip
-			config.SaveConfig()
-			addr = net.JoinHostPort(c.IP, "22")
-		}
-		sshConfig.Auth = []ssh.AuthMethod{ssh.Password(c.SSHPassword)}
-		sshConfig.Timeout = 10 * time.Second
-		client, err = ssh.Dial("tcp", addr, sshConfig)
-		if err != nil {
-			writeWebSocketText(ws, nil, fmt.Sprintf("\r\nWebSSH connection failed: %v\r\n", err))
-			return
+		if c.IsKVM() {
+			writeWebSocketText(ws, nil, "\r\nSSH is not ready yet, preparing KVM guest service. This can take a few minutes on first boot...\r\n")
+			if setupErr := kvmManager.EnsureSSH(c.ID); setupErr != nil {
+				writeWebSocketText(ws, nil, fmt.Sprintf("\r\nKVM SSH auto setup failed: %v\r\n", setupErr))
+				return
+			}
+			if refreshed := config.FindContainer(c.ID); refreshed != nil {
+				c = refreshed
+			}
+			if ip, ipErr := kvmManager.GetContainerIP(c.VirshName()); ipErr == nil && ip != "" {
+				c.IP = ip
+				config.SaveConfig()
+				addr = net.JoinHostPort(c.IP, "22")
+			}
+			sshConfig.Auth = []ssh.AuthMethod{ssh.Password(c.SSHPassword)}
+			sshConfig.Timeout = 10 * time.Second
+			client, err = ssh.Dial("tcp", addr, sshConfig)
+			if err != nil {
+				writeWebSocketText(ws, nil, fmt.Sprintf("\r\nWebSSH connection failed: %v\r\n", err))
+				return
+			}
+		} else {
+			writeWebSocketText(ws, nil, "\r\nSSH is not ready yet, preparing service. This can take up to 90 seconds on first boot...\r\n")
+			if setupErr := lxcManager.EnsureSSH(c.ID); setupErr != nil {
+				writeWebSocketText(ws, nil, fmt.Sprintf("\r\nSSH auto setup failed: %v\r\n", setupErr))
+				return
+			}
+			if refreshed := config.FindContainer(c.ID); refreshed != nil {
+				c = refreshed
+			}
+			if ip, ipErr := lxcManager.GetContainerIP(c.LxcName()); ipErr == nil && ip != "" {
+				c.IP = ip
+				config.SaveConfig()
+				addr = net.JoinHostPort(c.IP, "22")
+			}
+			sshConfig.Auth = []ssh.AuthMethod{ssh.Password(c.SSHPassword)}
+			sshConfig.Timeout = 10 * time.Second
+			client, err = ssh.Dial("tcp", addr, sshConfig)
+			if err != nil {
+				writeWebSocketText(ws, nil, fmt.Sprintf("\r\nWebSSH connection failed: %v\r\n", err))
+				return
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	defer client.Close()
@@ -250,6 +296,41 @@ func HandleWebSSH(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	log.Printf("WebSSH disconnected for container %s", containerName)
 }
 
+func containerHostKeyCallback(c *config.Container) ssh.HostKeyCallback {
+	return func(hostname string, remote net.Addr, key ssh.PublicKey) error {
+		sum := sha256.Sum256(key.Marshal())
+		fingerprint := hex.EncodeToString(sum[:])
+		if c.SSHHostKey != "" && c.SSHHostKey != fingerprint {
+			return fmt.Errorf("container SSH host key mismatch")
+		}
+		if c.SSHHostKey == "" {
+			c.SSHHostKey = fingerprint
+			config.SaveConfig()
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func webSSHTicketFromRequest(r *http.Request) string {
+	for _, protocol := range websocket.Subprotocols(r) {
+		const prefix = "clicd-ticket."
+		if len(protocol) > len(prefix) && protocol[:len(prefix)] == prefix {
+			return protocol[len(prefix):]
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func webSSHTicketProtocol(r *http.Request) string {
+	for _, protocol := range websocket.Subprotocols(r) {
+		const prefix = "clicd-ticket."
+		if len(protocol) > len(prefix) && protocol[:len(prefix)] == prefix {
+			return protocol
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
 func streamSSHOutput(ws *websocket.Conn, writeMu *sync.Mutex, src io.Reader, done chan<- struct{}) {
 	defer func() { done <- struct{}{} }()
 

backend/internal/api/subuser.go

@@ -21,6 +21,28 @@ func generateRandomStr(length int) string {
 	return hex.EncodeToString(b)[:length]
 }
 
+type subUserResponse struct {
+	ID             string   `json:"id"`
+	Username       string   `json:"username"`
+	Password       string   `json:"password,omitempty"`
+	ContainerNames []string `json:"container_names"`
+	ContainerUUIDs []string `json:"container_uuids,omitempty"`
+	AccessCode     string   `json:"access_code"`
+	CreatedAt      string   `json:"created_at"`
+}
+
+func newSubUserResponse(su config.SubUser, password string) subUserResponse {
+	return subUserResponse{
+		ID:             su.ID,
+		Username:       su.Username,
+		Password:       password,
+		ContainerNames: su.ContainerNames,
+		ContainerUUIDs: su.ContainerUUIDs,
+		AccessCode:     su.AccessCode,
+		CreatedAt:      su.CreatedAt,
+	}
+}
+
 // HandleSubUserCreate creates a sub-user for a specific container
 func HandleSubUserCreate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	if r.Method != http.MethodPost {
@@ -44,32 +66,36 @@ func HandleSubUserCreate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 	containerName := c.Name
 
-	// Check if sub-user already exists for this container
+	// Check if sub-user already exists and return the same management password.
 	for i := range config.AppConfig.SubUsers {
 		su := &config.AppConfig.SubUsers[i]
-		for _, cn := range su.ContainerNames {
-			if cn == containerName {
+		for _, uuid := range su.ContainerUUIDs {
+			if uuid == c.UUID {
 				if su.AccessCode == "" {
 					su.AccessCode = generateRandomStr(8)
 				}
-				if su.PassHash == "" && su.Password != "" {
-					if hash, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword([]byte(su.Password), bcrypt.DefaultCost); err == nil {
-						su.PassHash = string(hash)
+				password := su.Password
+				message := "Sub-user link returned"
+				if password == "" {
+					password = generateRandomStr(16)
+					hash, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword([]byte(password), bcrypt.DefaultCost)
+					if err != nil {
+						jsonResponse(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Failed to generate password"})
+						return
 					}
+					su.PassHash = string(hash)
+					su.Password = password
+					su.Token = ""
+					su.TokenVersion++
+					message = "Sub-user password generated"
 				}
-				if su.Password == "" {
-					su.Password = generateRandomStr(16)
-					if hash, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword([]byte(su.Password), bcrypt.DefaultCost); err == nil {
-						su.PassHash = string(hash)
-					}
-				}
-				su.Token = newSubUserToken(su.Username, []string{c.UUID}, time.Now().AddDate(1, 0, 0))
+				su.ContainerNames = appendUniqueString(su.ContainerNames, containerName)
+				su.ContainerUUIDs = appendUniqueString(su.ContainerUUIDs, c.UUID)
 				config.SaveConfig()
-				// Return existing
 				jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{
 					Success: true,
-					Message: "Sub-user already exists",
-					Data:    *su,
+					Message: message,
+					Data:    newSubUserResponse(*su, password),
 				})
 				return
 			}
@@ -84,16 +110,13 @@ func HandleSubUserCreate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	// Generate short access code (8 chars, for URL sharing)
 	accessCode := generateRandomStr(8)
 
-	// Generate JWT for sub-user
-	tokenStr := newSubUserToken(username, []string{c.UUID}, time.Now().AddDate(1, 0, 0))
-
 	subUser := config.SubUser{
 		ID:             "sub-" + generateRandomStr(8),
 		Username:       username,
 		Password:       password,
 		PassHash:       string(hash),
 		ContainerNames: []string{containerName},
-		Token:          tokenStr,
+		ContainerUUIDs: []string{c.UUID},
 		AccessCode:     accessCode,
 		CreatedAt:      time.Now().Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05"),
 	}
@@ -102,7 +125,7 @@ func HandleSubUserCreate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	config.SaveConfig()
 	config.AddAuditLog("创建子用户", containerName, fmt.Sprintf("用户: %s", username), "admin")
 
-	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Message: "Sub-user created", Data: subUser})
+	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Message: "Sub-user created", Data: newSubUserResponse(subUser, password)})
 }
 
 // HandleSubUserLogin handles sub-user login
@@ -121,17 +144,24 @@ func HandleSubUserLogin(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	clientIP := r.Header.Get("X-Forwarded-For")
+	if clientIP == "" {
+		clientIP = r.RemoteAddr
+	}
+	clientUA := r.Header.Get("User-Agent")
+
 	// Find sub-user
 	for _, su := range config.AppConfig.SubUsers {
 		if su.Username == req.Username {
 			if err := bcrypt.CompareHashAndPassword([]byte(su.PassHash), []byte(req.Password)); err == nil {
-				// Generate fresh token
-				containerUUIDs := subUserContainerUUIDs(su.ContainerNames)
+				containerUUIDs := activeSubUserContainerUUIDs(&su)
 				if len(containerUUIDs) == 0 {
+					config.AddLoginLog(su.Username, clientIP, clientUA, false)
 					jsonResponse(w, http.StatusForbidden, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "No active container is assigned to this user"})
 					return
 				}
-				tokenStr := newSubUserToken(su.Username, containerUUIDs, time.Now().Add(24*time.Hour))
+				tokenStr := newSubUserToken(su.Username, containerUUIDs, time.Now().Add(24*time.Hour), su.TokenVersion)
+				config.AddLoginLog(su.Username, clientIP, clientUA, true)
 
 				jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{
 					Success: true,
@@ -142,6 +172,8 @@ func HandleSubUserLogin(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 					},
 				})
 				return
+			} else {
+				config.AddLoginLog(su.Username, clientIP, clientUA, false)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -166,19 +198,28 @@ func HandleSubUserAccessCode(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 
 	// Find sub-user by access code
+	clientIP := r.Header.Get("X-Forwarded-For")
+	if clientIP == "" {
+		clientIP = r.RemoteAddr
+	}
+	clientUA := r.Header.Get("User-Agent")
+
 	for _, su := range config.AppConfig.SubUsers {
 		if su.AccessCode == req.Code {
 			if err := bcrypt.CompareHashAndPassword([]byte(su.PassHash), []byte(req.Password)); err != nil {
+				config.AddLoginLog(su.Username, clientIP, clientUA, false)
 				jsonResponse(w, http.StatusUnauthorized, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Invalid password"})
 				return
 			}
 
-			containerUUIDs := subUserContainerUUIDs(su.ContainerNames)
+			containerUUIDs := activeSubUserContainerUUIDs(&su)
 			if len(containerUUIDs) == 0 {
+				config.AddLoginLog(su.Username, clientIP, clientUA, false)
 				jsonResponse(w, http.StatusForbidden, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "No active container is assigned to this link"})
 				return
 			}
-			tokenStr := newSubUserToken(su.Username, containerUUIDs, time.Now().Add(24*time.Hour))
+			tokenStr := newSubUserToken(su.Username, containerUUIDs, time.Now().Add(24*time.Hour), su.TokenVersion)
+			config.AddLoginLog(su.Username, clientIP, clientUA, true)
 
 			jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{
 				Success: true,
@@ -195,10 +236,11 @@ func HandleSubUserAccessCode(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusUnauthorized, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Invalid access code"})
 }
 
-func newSubUserToken(username string, containerUUIDs []string, expiresAt time.Time) string {
+func newSubUserToken(username string, containerUUIDs []string, expiresAt time.Time, tokenVersion int) string {
 	token := jwt.NewWithClaims(jwt.SigningMethodHS256, jwt.MapClaims{
 		"sub_user":        username,
 		"container_uuids": containerUUIDs,
+		"token_version":   tokenVersion,
 		"exp":             expiresAt.Unix(),
 		"iat":             time.Now().Unix(),
 	})
@@ -224,18 +266,6 @@ func subUserAllowedContainers(r *http.Request) (subUserAccess, bool) {
 		names: make(map[string]bool),
 		uuids: make(map[string]bool),
 	}
-	if containerNames, ok := claims["container_names"].([]interface{}); ok {
-		for _, cn := range containerNames {
-			if name, ok := cn.(string); ok {
-				allowed.names[name] = true
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	if containerNames, ok := claims["container_names"].([]string); ok {
-		for _, name := range containerNames {
-			allowed.names[name] = true
-		}
-	}
 	if containerUUIDs, ok := claims["container_uuids"].([]interface{}); ok {
 		for _, item := range containerUUIDs {
 			if uuid, ok := item.(string); ok {
@@ -359,15 +389,27 @@ func filterTasksForRequest(r *http.Request, tasks []*Task) []*Task {
 	}
 	filtered := make([]*Task, 0, len(tasks))
 	for _, task := range tasks {
-		if allowed.names[task.ContainerName] || (task.Config.Name != "" && allowed.names[task.Config.Name]) {
+		if c := config.FindContainer(task.ContainerID); c != nil && isContainerAllowed(allowed, c) {
 			filtered = append(filtered, task)
+			continue
+		}
+		if task.ContainerName != "" {
+			if c := config.FindContainerByName(task.ContainerName); c != nil && isContainerAllowed(allowed, c) {
+				filtered = append(filtered, task)
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+		if task.Config.Name != "" {
+			if c := config.FindContainerByName(task.Config.Name); c != nil && isContainerAllowed(allowed, c) {
+				filtered = append(filtered, task)
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	return filtered
 }
 
 func isContainerAllowed(allowed subUserAccess, c *config.Container) bool {
-	return allowed.names[c.Name] || (c.UUID != "" && allowed.uuids[c.UUID])
+	return c != nil && c.UUID != "" && allowed.uuids[c.UUID]
 }
 
 func isSubUserContainerActionAllowed(action string, method string) bool {
@@ -377,6 +419,12 @@ func isSubUserContainerActionAllowed(action string, method string) bool {
 	switch {
 	case action == "usage" || action == "traffic" || action == "random-port":
 		return method == http.MethodGet
+	case action == "snapshots":
+		return method == http.MethodGet || method == http.MethodPost
+	case action == "snapshots/schedule":
+		return method == http.MethodPost
+	case strings.HasPrefix(action, "snapshots/"):
+		return method == http.MethodDelete || method == http.MethodPost
 	case action == "start" || action == "stop" || action == "restart" || action == "reinstall":
 		return method == http.MethodPost
 	case strings.HasPrefix(action, "port-mappings/"):
@@ -386,16 +434,38 @@ func isSubUserContainerActionAllowed(action string, method string) bool {
 	}
 }
 
+func activeSubUserContainerUUIDs(su *config.SubUser) []string {
+	uuids := make([]string, 0, len(su.ContainerUUIDs))
+	for _, uuid := range su.ContainerUUIDs {
+		if c := config.FindContainerByUUID(uuid); c != nil {
+			uuids = appendUniqueString(uuids, c.UUID)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(uuids) > 0 {
+		return uuids
+	}
+	return subUserContainerUUIDs(su.ContainerNames)
+}
+
 func subUserContainerUUIDs(containerNames []string) []string {
 	uuids := make([]string, 0, len(containerNames))
 	for _, name := range containerNames {
 		if c := config.FindContainerByName(name); c != nil && c.UUID != "" {
-			uuids = append(uuids, c.UUID)
+			uuids = appendUniqueString(uuids, c.UUID)
 		}
 	}
 	return uuids
 }
 
+func appendUniqueString(values []string, value string) []string {
+	for _, existing := range values {
+		if existing == value {
+			return values
+		}
+	}
+	return append(values, value)
+}
+
 func splitPath(path string) []string {
 	parts := make([]string, 0)
 	for _, p := range splitBy(path, "/") {
@@ -420,3 +490,156 @@ func splitBy(s, sep string) []string {
 	result = append(result, current)
 	return result
 }
+
+// SubUserListItem is the enriched sub-user info returned by the list API
+type SubUserListItem struct {
+	ID             string   `json:"id"`
+	Username       string   `json:"username"`
+	ContainerNames []string `json:"container_names"`
+	ContainerUUIDs []string `json:"container_uuids"`
+	ContainerName  string   `json:"container_name"`
+	ContainerUUID  string   `json:"container_uuid"`
+	AccessCode     string   `json:"access_code"`
+	Password       string   `json:"password,omitempty"`
+	CreatedAt      string   `json:"created_at"`
+	LastLogin      string   `json:"last_login"`
+	LastLoginIP    string   `json:"last_login_ip"`
+	LastLoginUA    string   `json:"last_login_ua"`
+}
+
+// HandleSubUserList returns the list of all sub-users with container info
+func HandleSubUserList(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	if r.Method != http.MethodGet {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Method not allowed"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	result := make([]SubUserListItem, 0, len(config.AppConfig.SubUsers))
+	for _, su := range config.AppConfig.SubUsers {
+		item := SubUserListItem{
+			ID:             su.ID,
+			Username:       su.Username,
+			ContainerNames: su.ContainerNames,
+			ContainerUUIDs: su.ContainerUUIDs,
+			AccessCode:     su.AccessCode,
+			Password:       su.Password,
+			CreatedAt:      su.CreatedAt,
+		}
+
+		// Resolve container name from first active UUID
+		for _, uuid := range su.ContainerUUIDs {
+			if c := config.FindContainerByUUID(uuid); c != nil {
+				item.ContainerName = c.Name
+				item.ContainerUUID = c.UUID
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if item.ContainerName == "" && len(su.ContainerNames) > 0 {
+			item.ContainerName = su.ContainerNames[0]
+		}
+
+		// Find last login time
+		for i := len(config.AppConfig.LoginLogs) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+			log := config.AppConfig.LoginLogs[i]
+			if log.Username == su.Username {
+				item.LastLogin = log.Time
+				item.LastLoginIP = log.IP
+				item.LastLoginUA = log.UserAgent
+				break
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Skip orphaned sub-users with no active containers
+		if item.ContainerName == "" && item.ContainerUUID == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		result = append(result, item)
+	}
+
+	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Data: result})
+}
+
+// HandleSubUserAction handles actions on a specific sub-user
+func HandleSubUserAction(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	path := strings.TrimPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/api/sub-users/")
+	parts := strings.SplitN(path, "/", 2)
+	subUserID := parts[0]
+	action := ""
+	if len(parts) > 1 {
+		action = parts[1]
+	}
+
+	// Find sub-user
+	var target *config.SubUser
+	for i := range config.AppConfig.SubUsers {
+		if config.AppConfig.SubUsers[i].ID == subUserID {
+			target = &config.AppConfig.SubUsers[i]
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if target == nil {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusNotFound, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Sub-user not found"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	switch {
+	case action == "rotate-password" && r.Method == http.MethodPost:
+		password := generateRandomStr(16)
+		if hash, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword([]byte(password), bcrypt.DefaultCost); err == nil {
+			target.PassHash = string(hash)
+			target.Password = password
+			target.Token = ""
+			target.TokenVersion++ // invalidate all existing tokens
+			config.SaveConfig()
+			jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Data: map[string]string{
+				"password":    password,
+				"access_code": target.AccessCode,
+				"username":    target.Username,
+			}})
+			return
+		}
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Failed to generate password"})
+
+	case action == "audit-logs" && r.Method == http.MethodGet:
+		// Filter audit logs for this sub-user
+		logs := filterSubUserAuditLogs(target.Username)
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Data: logs})
+
+	case action == "login-logs" && r.Method == http.MethodGet:
+		// Filter login logs for this sub-user
+		logs := filterSubUserLoginLogs(target.Username)
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusOK, APIResponse{Success: true, Data: logs})
+
+	default:
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusNotFound, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Action not found"})
+	}
+}
+
+func filterSubUserAuditLogs(username string) []config.AuditLog {
+	result := make([]config.AuditLog, 0)
+	for i := len(config.AppConfig.AuditLogs) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		log := config.AppConfig.AuditLogs[i]
+		if log.User == username || strings.HasPrefix(log.User, "user:") && strings.Contains(log.User, username) {
+			result = append(result, log)
+		}
+	}
+	if result == nil {
+		result = []config.AuditLog{}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func filterSubUserLoginLogs(username string) []config.SavedLoginLog {
+	result := make([]config.SavedLoginLog, 0)
+	for i := len(config.AppConfig.LoginLogs) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		log := config.AppConfig.LoginLogs[i]
+		if log.Username == username {
+			result = append(result, log)
+		}
+	}
+	if result == nil {
+		result = []config.SavedLoginLog{}
+	}
+	return result
+}

backend/internal/api/taskqueue.go

@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ type Task struct {
 	Config        lxc.ContainerConfig `json:"config,omitempty"`
 	Name          string              `json:"name,omitempty"`
 	User          string              `json:"user,omitempty"` // who created this task
+	IP            string              `json:"ip,omitempty"`
+	UserAgent     string              `json:"user_agent,omitempty"`
 }
 
 type TaskQueue struct {
@@ -100,6 +102,10 @@ func (q *TaskQueue) EnqueueBatch(taskType TaskType, ids []int, templateID string
 }
 
 func (q *TaskQueue) EnqueueBatchWithUser(taskType TaskType, ids []int, templateID string, user string) []string {
+	return q.EnqueueBatchWithAudit(taskType, ids, templateID, user, "", "")
+}
+
+func (q *TaskQueue) EnqueueBatchWithAudit(taskType TaskType, ids []int, templateID string, user string, ip string, userAgent string) []string {
 	q.mu.Lock()
 	defer q.mu.Unlock()
 	var result []string
@@ -109,7 +115,7 @@ func (q *TaskQueue) EnqueueBatchWithUser(taskType TaskType, ids []int, templateI
 		if c != nil {
 			name = c.Name
 		}
-		result = append(result, q.enqueueSingleWithUser(id, name, taskType, templateID, user))
+		result = append(result, q.enqueueSingleWithAudit(id, name, taskType, templateID, user, ip, userAgent))
 	}
 	q.persistTasks()
 	return result
@@ -168,6 +174,10 @@ func (q *TaskQueue) enqueueSingle(containerID int, containerName string, taskTyp
 }
 
 func (q *TaskQueue) enqueueSingleWithUser(containerID int, containerName string, taskType TaskType, templateID string, user string) string {
+	return q.enqueueSingleWithAudit(containerID, containerName, taskType, templateID, user, "", "")
+}
+
+func (q *TaskQueue) enqueueSingleWithAudit(containerID int, containerName string, taskType TaskType, templateID string, user string, ip string, userAgent string) string {
 	id := q.nextID
 	q.nextID++
 	task := &Task{
@@ -179,6 +189,8 @@ func (q *TaskQueue) enqueueSingleWithUser(containerID int, containerName string,
 		CreatedAt:     time.Now().Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05"),
 		TemplateID:    templateID,
 		User:          user,
+		IP:            ip,
+		UserAgent:     userAgent,
 	}
 	q.enqueueTask(task)
 	return task.ID
@@ -214,7 +226,7 @@ func (q *TaskQueue) createWorker() {
 		c := config.FindContainerByName(task.Config.Name)
 		if c == nil {
 			// 1) Download image + apply limits (lxc-create)
-			err := lxcManager.CreateContainer(task.Config)
+			err := createByRuntime(task.Config)
 			if err != nil {
 				task.Status = "failed"
 				task.Error = err.Error()
@@ -244,10 +256,10 @@ func (q *TaskQueue) createWorker() {
 
 		// 3) Start + initialize SSH/network in the same worker.
 		//    If init fails, destroy the container so no dead entry remains.
-		startErr := lxcManager.StartContainer(c.ID)
+		startErr := startByRuntime(c.ID)
 		if startErr != nil {
 			if createdByTask {
-				lxcManager.DestroyContainer(c.ID)
+				_ = destroyByRuntime(c.ID)
 			}
 			task.Status = "failed"
 			task.Error = startErr.Error()
@@ -292,13 +304,13 @@ func (q *TaskQueue) opWorker() {
 		if err == nil {
 			switch task.Type {
 			case TaskStart:
-				err = lxcManager.StartContainer(task.ContainerID)
+				err = startByRuntime(task.ContainerID)
 			case TaskStop:
-				err = lxcManager.StopContainer(task.ContainerID)
+				err = stopByRuntime(task.ContainerID)
 			case TaskRestart:
-				err = lxcManager.RestartContainer(task.ContainerID)
+				err = restartByRuntime(task.ContainerID)
 			case TaskDelete:
-				err = lxcManager.DestroyContainer(task.ContainerID)
+				err = destroyByRuntime(task.ContainerID)
 				if err == nil {
 					time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
 					if config.FindContainer(task.ContainerID) != nil {
@@ -306,7 +318,7 @@ func (q *TaskQueue) opWorker() {
 					}
 				}
 			case TaskReinstall:
-				err = lxcManager.ReinstallContainer(task.ContainerID, task.TemplateID)
+				err = reinstallByRuntime(task.ContainerID, task.TemplateID)
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -318,10 +330,10 @@ func (q *TaskQueue) opWorker() {
 		if err != nil {
 			task.Status = "failed"
 			task.Error = err.Error()
-			config.AddAuditLog(string(task.Type), task.ContainerName, "失败: "+err.Error(), auditUser)
+			config.AddAuditLogFull(string(task.Type), task.ContainerName, "失败: "+err.Error(), auditUser, task.IP, task.UserAgent, false, err.Error())
 		} else {
 			task.Status = "done"
-			config.AddAuditLog(string(task.Type), task.ContainerName, "成功", auditUser)
+			config.AddAuditLogFull(string(task.Type), task.ContainerName, "成功", auditUser, task.IP, task.UserAgent, true, "")
 			switch task.Type {
 			case TaskStart:
 				config.UpdateContainerStatus(task.ContainerID, "running")
@@ -418,6 +430,8 @@ func HandleSingleTaskAction(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, id int, acti
 			user = "user:" + subUser
 		}
 	}
+	ip := clientIP(r)
+	userAgent := r.Header.Get("User-Agent")
 
 	var taskType TaskType
 	var templateID string
@@ -442,13 +456,21 @@ func HandleSingleTaskAction(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, id int, acti
 				templateID = c.Template
 			}
 		}
+		runtime := runtimeFromTemplateID(templateID)
+		if c := config.FindContainer(id); c != nil {
+			runtime = c.Runtime()
+		}
+		if !isImageEnabledAndDownloaded(templateID, runtime) {
+			jsonResponse(w, http.StatusForbidden, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Template is not enabled or downloaded"})
+			return
+		}
 		taskType = TaskReinstall
 	default:
 		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusBadRequest, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Unknown action"})
 		return
 	}
 
-	ids := globalQueue.EnqueueBatchWithUser(taskType, []int{id}, templateID, user)
+	ids := globalQueue.EnqueueBatchWithAudit(taskType, []int{id}, templateID, user, ip, userAgent)
 	jsonResponse(w, http.StatusAccepted, APIResponse{
 		Success: true,
 		Message: "Task queued",
@@ -498,13 +520,24 @@ func HandleBatchCreate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		if req.Containers[i].VCPU <= 0 {
 			req.Containers[i].VCPU = 1
 		}
+		req.Containers[i].Virtualization = runtimeFromRequest(req.Containers[i].Virtualization)
 		if req.Containers[i].RAMMB < 128 {
 			req.Containers[i].RAMMB = 512
 		}
 		if req.Containers[i].DiskGB < 1 {
 			req.Containers[i].DiskGB = 5
 		}
-		if err := validateContainerResourceRequest(req.Containers[i].VCPU, req.Containers[i].RAMMB, req.Containers[i].DiskGB); err != nil {
+		if !isImageEnabledAndDownloaded(req.Containers[i].TemplateID, req.Containers[i].Virtualization) {
+			jsonResponse(w, http.StatusForbidden, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: name + ": template is not enabled or downloaded"})
+			return
+		}
+		if req.Containers[i].PortMappingCount < 2 {
+			req.Containers[i].PortMappingCount = 2
+		}
+		if req.Containers[i].SnapshotLimit <= 0 {
+			req.Containers[i].SnapshotLimit = config.DefaultSnapshotLimit
+		}
+		if err := validateRuntimeResourceRequest(req.Containers[i].Virtualization, req.Containers[i].VCPU, req.Containers[i].RAMMB, req.Containers[i].DiskGB); err != nil {
 			jsonResponse(w, http.StatusBadRequest, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: name + ": " + err.Error()})
 			return
 		}

backend/internal/cli/cli.go

@@ -2,14 +2,20 @@ package cli
 
 import (
 	"bufio"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	"clicd/internal/config"
 	"clicd/internal/lxc"
+	"clicd/internal/version"
 )
 
 var manager = lxc.NewManager()
@@ -19,9 +25,13 @@ func Run() {
 	reader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
 
 	for {
+		if _, err := config.InitConfig(); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("重新加载配置失败: %v\n", err)
+			waitEnter(reader)
+		}
 		clearScreen()
 		printMenu()
-		fmt.Print("\nSelect action [1-9,0/q]: ")
+		fmt.Print("\n请选择操作 [1-12,0/q]: ")
 		input, _ := reader.ReadString('\n')
 		input = strings.TrimSpace(input)
 
@@ -62,63 +72,79 @@ func Run() {
 			clearScreen()
 			cliToggleWebPanel()
 			waitEnter(reader)
+		case "10":
+			clearScreen()
+			cliImportExistingContainers()
+			waitEnter(reader)
+		case "11":
+			clearScreen()
+			cliUpgradeSystem(reader)
+			waitEnter(reader)
+		case "12":
+			clearScreen()
+			cliUninstall(reader)
+			return
 		case "0":
 			clearScreen()
 			cliShowInfo()
 			waitEnter(reader)
 		case "q", "exit", "quit":
-			fmt.Println("Bye")
+			fmt.Println("再见")
 			return
 		default:
-			fmt.Println("Invalid selection")
+			fmt.Println("无效选择")
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 func printMenu() {
-	webStatus := "start"
+	webStatus := "启动"
 	if isWebPanelRunning() {
-		webStatus = "stop"
+		webStatus = "停止"
 	}
 	fmt.Println()
 	fmt.Println("  ==========================================")
-	fmt.Println("       CLICD - LXC Container Manager")
+	fmt.Println("       CLICD - LXC 容器管理器")
 	fmt.Println("  ==========================================")
 	fmt.Println()
-	fmt.Printf("  Web panel: %s (port %d)\n", func() string {
+	fmt.Printf("  Web 面板: %s (端口 %d)\n", func() string {
 		if isWebPanelRunning() {
-			return "running"
+			return "运行中"
 		}
-		return "stopped"
+		return "已停止"
 	}(), config.AppConfig.Port)
+	fmt.Printf("  当前版本: %s\n", version.Current())
 	fmt.Println()
-	fmt.Println("  1. List containers")
-	fmt.Println("  2. Create container")
-	fmt.Println("  3. Start container")
-	fmt.Println("  4. Stop container")
-	fmt.Println("  5. Restart container")
-	fmt.Println("  6. Delete container")
-	fmt.Println("  7. Reinstall container")
-	fmt.Println("  8. Reset web admin password")
-	fmt.Printf("  9. %s web panel\n", webStatus)
-	fmt.Println("  0. System info")
-	fmt.Println("  q. Quit")
+	fmt.Println("  1. 查看容器列表")
+	fmt.Println("  2. 创建容器")
+	fmt.Println("  3. 开机容器")
+	fmt.Println("  4. 关机容器")
+	fmt.Println("  5. 重启容器")
+	fmt.Println("  6. 删除容器")
+	fmt.Println("  7. 重装容器系统")
+	fmt.Println("  8. 重置 Web 管理员密码")
+	fmt.Printf("  9. %s Web 面板\n", webStatus)
+	fmt.Println("  10. 导入现有 LXC 容器")
+	fmt.Println("  11. 检查并升级 CLICD")
+	fmt.Println("  12. 卸载 CLICD")
+	fmt.Println("  0. 系统信息")
+	fmt.Println("  q. 退出")
 }
 
 func cliListContainers() {
 	containers, err := manager.ListContainers()
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("Failed to list containers: %v\n", err)
+		fmt.Printf("获取容器列表失败: %v\n", err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	if len(containers) == 0 {
-		fmt.Println("\nNo containers")
+		fmt.Println("\n暂无容器")
 		return
 	}
 
 	fmt.Println()
-	fmt.Printf("%-18s %-10s %-18s %-6s %-10s %-10s %-16s\n", "Name", "Status", "Template", "vCPU", "RAM(MB)", "Disk(GB)", "SSH")
+	fmt.Printf("%-18s %-10s %-18s %-6s %-10s %-10s %-16s\n", "名称", "状态", "镜像", "vCPU", "内存(MB)", "磁盘(GB)", "SSH")
 	fmt.Println(strings.Repeat("-", 94))
 	for _, c := range containers {
 		ssh := "-"
@@ -131,23 +157,23 @@ func cliListContainers() {
 }
 
 func cliCreateContainer(reader *bufio.Reader) {
-	fmt.Println("\n--- Create container ---")
+	fmt.Println("\n--- 创建容器 ---")
 
-	name := promptString(reader, "Container name", "")
+	name := promptString(reader, "容器名称", "")
 	if name == "" {
-		fmt.Println("Container name is required")
+		fmt.Println("容器名称不能为空")
 		return
 	}
 
 	templates := lxc.GetTemplates()
-	fmt.Println("\nAvailable templates:")
+	fmt.Println("\n可用镜像:")
 	for i, template := range templates {
 		fmt.Printf("  %d. %s\n", i+1, template.Name)
 	}
 
-	tmplIdx := promptInt(reader, fmt.Sprintf("Template [1-%d]", len(templates)), 1)
+	tmplIdx := promptInt(reader, fmt.Sprintf("镜像 [1-%d]", len(templates)), 1)
 	if tmplIdx < 1 || tmplIdx > len(templates) {
-		fmt.Println("Invalid template selection")
+		fmt.Println("镜像选择无效")
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -155,162 +181,701 @@ func cliCreateContainer(reader *bufio.Reader) {
 		Name:             name,
 		TemplateID:       templates[tmplIdx-1].ID,
 		VCPU:             promptFloat(reader, "vCPU", 1),
-		RAMMB:            promptInt(reader, "Memory (MB)", 512),
-		DiskGB:           promptInt(reader, "Disk (GB)", 10),
-		NetworkBWMbps:    promptInt(reader, "Network bandwidth (Mbps)", 100),
-		MonthlyTrafficGB: promptInt(reader, "Monthly traffic (GB)", 1000),
-		IOSpeedMBps:      promptInt(reader, "IO speed (MB/s)", 500),
-		ExtraPorts:       promptPortList(reader, "Extra NAT ports, comma separated"),
+		RAMMB:            promptInt(reader, "内存 (MB)", 512),
+		DiskGB:           promptInt(reader, "磁盘 (GB)", 10),
+		NetworkBWMbps:    promptInt(reader, "网络带宽 (Mbps)", 100),
+		MonthlyTrafficGB: promptInt(reader, "月流量 (GB)", 1000),
+		IOSpeedMBps:      promptInt(reader, "IO 速度 (MB/s)", 500),
+		ExtraPorts:       promptPortList(reader, "额外 NAT 端口，多个用逗号分隔"),
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("\nCreating container %s ...\n", name)
+	fmt.Printf("\n正在创建容器 %s ...\n", name)
 	if err := manager.CreateContainer(cfg); err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("Create failed: %v\n", err)
+		fmt.Printf("创建失败: %v\n", err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	container := config.FindContainerByName(name)
-	fmt.Printf("Container %s created successfully\n", name)
+	fmt.Printf("容器 %s 创建成功\n", name)
 	if container != nil {
 		fmt.Printf("SSH: root / %s, port %d -> 22\n", container.SSHPassword, container.SSHPort)
 	}
+	restartWebPanelForConfigChange()
 }
 
 func cliStartContainer(reader *bufio.Reader) {
-	id, name := selectContainer(reader, "start")
+	id, name := selectContainer(reader, "开机")
 	if id == 0 {
 		return
 	}
 	if err := manager.StartContainer(id); err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("Start failed: %v\n", err)
+		fmt.Printf("开机失败: %v\n", err)
 		return
 	}
-	fmt.Printf("Container %s started\n", name)
+	fmt.Printf("容器 %s 已开机\n", name)
 }
 
 func cliStopContainer(reader *bufio.Reader) {
-	id, name := selectContainer(reader, "stop")
+	id, name := selectContainer(reader, "关机")
 	if id == 0 {
 		return
 	}
 	if err := manager.StopContainer(id); err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("Stop failed: %v\n", err)
+		fmt.Printf("关机失败: %v\n", err)
 		return
 	}
-	fmt.Printf("Container %s stopped\n", name)
+	fmt.Printf("容器 %s 已关机\n", name)
 }
 
 func cliRestartContainer(reader *bufio.Reader) {
-	id, name := selectContainer(reader, "restart")
+	id, name := selectContainer(reader, "重启")
 	if id == 0 {
 		return
 	}
 	if err := manager.RestartContainer(id); err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("Restart failed: %v\n", err)
+		fmt.Printf("重启失败: %v\n", err)
 		return
 	}
-	fmt.Printf("Container %s restarted\n", name)
+	fmt.Printf("容器 %s 已重启\n", name)
 }
 
 func cliDeleteContainer(reader *bufio.Reader) {
-	id, name := selectContainer(reader, "delete")
+	id, name := selectContainer(reader, "删除")
 	if id == 0 {
 		return
 	}
-	confirm := promptString(reader, fmt.Sprintf("Delete container %s? Type yes", name), "no")
+	confirm := promptString(reader, fmt.Sprintf("确认删除容器 %s？输入 yes 继续", name), "no")
 	if strings.ToLower(confirm) != "yes" {
-		fmt.Println("Canceled")
+		fmt.Println("已取消")
 		return
 	}
 	if err := manager.DestroyContainer(id); err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("Delete failed: %v\n", err)
+		fmt.Printf("删除失败: %v\n", err)
 		return
 	}
-	fmt.Printf("Container %s deleted\n", name)
+	fmt.Printf("容器 %s 已删除\n", name)
+	restartWebPanelForConfigChange()
 }
 
 func cliReinstallContainer(reader *bufio.Reader) {
-	id, name := selectContainer(reader, "reinstall")
+	id, name := selectContainer(reader, "重装")
 	if id == 0 {
 		return
 	}
 
 	templates := lxc.GetTemplates()
-	fmt.Println("\nAvailable templates:")
+	fmt.Println("\n可用镜像:")
 	for i, template := range templates {
 		fmt.Printf("  %d. %s\n", i+1, template.Name)
 	}
 
-	tmplIdx := promptInt(reader, fmt.Sprintf("Template [1-%d]", len(templates)), 1)
+	tmplIdx := promptInt(reader, fmt.Sprintf("镜像 [1-%d]", len(templates)), 1)
 	if tmplIdx < 1 || tmplIdx > len(templates) {
-		fmt.Println("Invalid template selection")
+		fmt.Println("镜像选择无效")
 		return
 	}
 
-	confirm := promptString(reader, fmt.Sprintf("Reinstall container %s? Type yes", name), "no")
+	confirm := promptString(reader, fmt.Sprintf("确认重装容器 %s？输入 yes 继续", name), "no")
 	if strings.ToLower(confirm) != "yes" {
-		fmt.Println("Canceled")
+		fmt.Println("已取消")
 		return
 	}
 
 	if err := manager.ReinstallContainer(id, templates[tmplIdx-1].ID); err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("Reinstall failed: %v\n", err)
+		fmt.Printf("重装失败: %v\n", err)
 		return
 	}
-	fmt.Printf("Container %s reinstalled\n", name)
+	fmt.Printf("容器 %s 已重装\n", name)
+	restartWebPanelForConfigChange()
 }
 
 func cliResetPassword(reader *bufio.Reader) {
-	newPass := promptString(reader, "New admin password (at least 6 chars)", "")
+	newPass := promptString(reader, "新的管理员密码（至少 6 位）", "")
 	if len(newPass) < 6 {
-		fmt.Println("Password must be at least 6 chars")
+		fmt.Println("密码至少需要 6 位")
 		return
 	}
-	confirm := promptString(reader, "Confirm password", "")
+	confirm := promptString(reader, "确认密码", "")
 	if newPass != confirm {
-		fmt.Println("Passwords do not match")
+		fmt.Println("两次输入的密码不一致")
 		return
 	}
 
 	if err := config.ResetAdminPassword(newPass); err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("Reset failed: %v\n", err)
+		fmt.Printf("重置失败: %v\n", err)
 		return
 	}
-	fmt.Println("Admin password reset. Restart the web service for it to take effect.")
+	fmt.Println("管理员密码已重置。")
+	restartWebPanelForConfigChange()
 }
 
 func cliToggleWebPanel() {
 	if isWebPanelRunning() {
-		cmd := exec.Command("systemctl", "stop", "clicd")
-		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-			fmt.Printf("Failed to stop web panel: %v\n", err)
+		if err := stopService("clicd"); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("停止 Web 面板失败: %v\n", err)
 			return
 		}
-		fmt.Println("Web panel stopped. LXC containers are not affected.")
+		fmt.Println("Web 面板已停止，LXC 容器不会受影响。")
 		return
 	}
 
-	cmd := exec.Command("systemctl", "start", "clicd")
-	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("Failed to start web panel: %v\n", err)
+	if err := startService("clicd"); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("启动 Web 面板失败: %v\n", err)
 		return
 	}
-	fmt.Println("Web panel started")
+	fmt.Println("Web 面板已启动")
+}
+
+type githubRelease struct {
+	TagName string `json:"tag_name"`
+	Name    string `json:"name"`
+	HTMLURL string `json:"html_url"`
+	Assets  []struct {
+		Name               string `json:"name"`
+		BrowserDownloadURL string `json:"browser_download_url"`
+	} `json:"assets"`
+}
+
+func cliUpgradeSystem(reader *bufio.Reader) {
+	fmt.Println("\n--- 检查并升级 CLICD ---")
+	fmt.Println("升级只会替换 /usr/local/bin/clicd，并保留 /root/.clicd 里的配置、容器数据和任务记录。")
+
+	if os.Geteuid() != 0 {
+		fmt.Println("升级需要 root 权限。请使用: sudo clicd cli")
+		return
+	}
+
+	repo := strings.TrimSpace(os.Getenv("CLICD_REPO"))
+	if repo == "" {
+		repo = version.Repo
+	}
+	current := version.Current()
+	fmt.Printf("当前版本: %s\n", current)
+	fmt.Printf("检查仓库: https://github.com/%s\n", repo)
+
+	release, err := fetchLatestRelease(repo)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("检查 GitHub 最新版本失败: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+	latest := strings.TrimSpace(release.TagName)
+	if latest == "" {
+		fmt.Println("GitHub Release 没有 tag_name，无法判断最新版本。")
+		return
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("最新版本: %s\n", latest)
+	if release.HTMLURL != "" {
+		fmt.Printf("发布页面: %s\n", release.HTMLURL)
+	}
+
+	assetURL := findReleaseAsset(release, "clicd-linux-amd64.tar.gz")
+	if assetURL == "" {
+		fmt.Println("最新 Release 没有找到 clicd-linux-amd64.tar.gz，无法自动升级。")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if sameVersion(current, latest) {
+		fmt.Println("当前已经是最新版本。")
+		confirm := promptString(reader, "是否仍然重新安装最新版本？输入 reinstall 继续", "no")
+		if strings.ToLower(confirm) != "reinstall" {
+			fmt.Println("已取消。")
+			return
+		}
+	} else {
+		confirm := promptString(reader, "输入 upgrade 开始升级", "no")
+		if strings.ToLower(confirm) != "upgrade" {
+			fmt.Println("已取消。")
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := upgradeFromReleaseAsset(assetURL, latest); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("升级失败: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("升级完成: %s -> %s\n", current, latest)
+	fmt.Println("原有数据已保留，Web 服务已重启。")
+}
+
+func fetchLatestRelease(repo string) (*githubRelease, error) {
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("https://api.github.com/repos/%s/releases/latest", repo)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, url, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/vnd.github+json")
+	setGitHubRequestHeaders(req)
+
+	client := &http.Client{Timeout: 20 * time.Second}
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		if fallback, fallbackErr := fetchLatestReleaseFallback(repo); fallbackErr == nil {
+			return fallback, nil
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		body, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 512))
+		apiErr := fmt.Errorf("GitHub API 返回 %s: %s", resp.Status, strings.TrimSpace(string(body)))
+		if fallback, fallbackErr := fetchLatestReleaseFallback(repo); fallbackErr == nil {
+			if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusForbidden || resp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+				fmt.Println("GitHub API 被限流，已切换到备用检查方式。")
+			} else {
+				fmt.Println("GitHub API 不可用，已切换到备用检查方式。")
+			}
+			return fallback, nil
+		}
+		return nil, apiErr
+	}
+
+	var release githubRelease
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&release); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &release, nil
+}
+
+func fetchLatestReleaseFallback(repo string) (*githubRelease, error) {
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, fmt.Sprintf("https://github.com/%s/releases/latest", repo), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "clicd-updater/"+version.Current())
+
+	client := &http.Client{Timeout: 20 * time.Second}
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("GitHub releases/latest 返回 %s", resp.Status)
+	}
+
+	tag := latestTagFromPath(resp.Request.URL.Path)
+	if tag == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("无法从 GitHub releases/latest 跳转结果解析最新版本")
+	}
+
+	const assetName = "clicd-linux-amd64.tar.gz"
+	return &githubRelease{
+		TagName: tag,
+		Name:    tag,
+		HTMLURL: fmt.Sprintf("https://github.com/%s/releases/tag/%s", repo, tag),
+		Assets: []struct {
+			Name               string `json:"name"`
+			BrowserDownloadURL string `json:"browser_download_url"`
+		}{
+			{
+				Name:               assetName,
+				BrowserDownloadURL: fmt.Sprintf("https://github.com/%s/releases/latest/download/%s", repo, assetName),
+			},
+		},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func latestTagFromPath(path string) string {
+	const marker = "/releases/tag/"
+	idx := strings.Index(path, marker)
+	if idx < 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	tag := strings.TrimSpace(path[idx+len(marker):])
+	if slash := strings.Index(tag, "/"); slash >= 0 {
+		tag = tag[:slash]
+	}
+	return tag
+}
+
+func setGitHubRequestHeaders(req *http.Request) {
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "clicd-updater/"+version.Current())
+	token := strings.TrimSpace(os.Getenv("CLICD_GITHUB_TOKEN"))
+	if token == "" {
+		token = strings.TrimSpace(os.Getenv("GITHUB_TOKEN"))
+	}
+	if token != "" {
+		req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+token)
+	}
+}
+
+func findReleaseAsset(release *githubRelease, name string) string {
+	for _, asset := range release.Assets {
+		if asset.Name == name && asset.BrowserDownloadURL != "" {
+			return asset.BrowserDownloadURL
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func upgradeFromReleaseAsset(assetURL, latest string) error {
+	tmpDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "clicd-upgrade-*")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer os.RemoveAll(tmpDir)
+
+	archivePath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "clicd-linux-amd64.tar.gz")
+	fmt.Println("正在下载升级包...")
+	if err := downloadFile(assetURL, archivePath); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("正在解压升级包...")
+	if out, err := exec.Command("tar", "-xzf", archivePath, "-C", tmpDir).CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("解压失败: %v, output: %s", err, string(out))
+	}
+
+	newBinary, err := findFile(tmpDir, "clicd")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	backupDir := "/root/clicd-backups"
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(backupDir, 0700); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	backupPath := filepath.Join(backupDir, fmt.Sprintf("clicd.%s.%s", strings.TrimPrefix(latest, "v"), time.Now().Format("20060102-150405")))
+	if _, err := os.Stat("/usr/local/bin/clicd"); err == nil {
+		if err := copyFile("/usr/local/bin/clicd", backupPath, 0755); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("备份旧二进制失败: %w", err)
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("旧版本已备份: %s\n", backupPath)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("正在替换二进制...")
+	if err := stopService("clicd"); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("停止 Web 服务失败，继续尝试替换: %v\n", err)
+	}
+	tmpBin := "/usr/local/bin/clicd.new"
+	if err := copyFile(newBinary, tmpBin, 0755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := os.Rename(tmpBin, "/usr/local/bin/clicd"); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := os.Chmod("/usr/local/bin/clicd", 0755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := restartService("clicd"); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("二进制已替换，但重启 Web 服务失败: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func downloadFile(url, dest string) error {
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, url, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	setGitHubRequestHeaders(req)
+	client := &http.Client{Timeout: 10 * time.Minute}
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return fmt.Errorf("下载失败，HTTP %s", resp.Status)
+	}
+
+	out, err := os.OpenFile(dest, os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC|os.O_WRONLY, 0600)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer out.Close()
+	_, err = io.Copy(out, resp.Body)
+	return err
+}
+
+func findFile(root, name string) (string, error) {
+	var found string
+	err := filepath.WalkDir(root, func(path string, d os.DirEntry, err error) error {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if d.IsDir() {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if d.Name() == name {
+			found = path
+			return filepath.SkipAll
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	if found == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("升级包内未找到 clicd 二进制")
+	}
+	return found, nil
+}
+
+func copyFile(src, dst string, mode os.FileMode) error {
+	in, err := os.Open(src)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer in.Close()
+
+	out, err := os.OpenFile(dst, os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC|os.O_WRONLY, mode)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := io.Copy(out, in); err != nil {
+		out.Close()
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := out.Close(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return os.Chmod(dst, mode)
+}
+
+func sameVersion(current, latest string) bool {
+	c := strings.TrimPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(current)), "v")
+	l := strings.TrimPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(latest)), "v")
+	return c != "" && c == l
 }
 
 func isWebPanelRunning() bool {
-	cmd := exec.Command("systemctl", "is-active", "clicd")
-	output, err := cmd.Output()
-	if err != nil {
-		return false
+	if commandExists("systemctl") {
+		cmd := exec.Command("systemctl", "is-active", "clicd")
+		output, err := cmd.Output()
+		if err == nil && strings.TrimSpace(string(output)) == "active" {
+			return true
+		}
 	}
-	return strings.TrimSpace(string(output)) == "active"
+	if commandExists("rc-service") {
+		cmd := exec.Command("rc-service", "clicd", "status")
+		return cmd.Run() == nil
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func cliImportExistingContainers() {
+	fmt.Println("\n--- 导入现有 LXC 容器 ---")
+	fmt.Println("将 /var/lib/lxc 里的容器导入 CLICD 配置。")
+	fmt.Println("导入后会保留真实 LXC 名称，Web 和 CLI 都能管理同一个容器。")
+
+	imported, err := manager.ImportExistingClicdContainers()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("导入失败: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+	if len(imported) == 0 {
+		fmt.Println("没有发现新的 ct-* 容器。")
+		return
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("已导入 %d 个容器:\n", len(imported))
+	for _, c := range imported {
+		fmt.Printf("  [%d] %s [%s]\n", c.ID, c.Name, c.Status)
+	}
+	restartWebPanelForConfigChange()
+}
+
+func cliUninstall(reader *bufio.Reader) {
+	fmt.Println("\n--- 卸载 CLICD ---")
+	fmt.Println("将删除 CLICD 服务和 /usr/local/bin/clicd。")
+	fmt.Println("同时会删除 /root/.clicd、/var/lib/lxc 下全部 LXC 容器，以及 /var/cache/lxc 镜像缓存。")
+
+	if os.Geteuid() != 0 {
+		fmt.Println("卸载需要 root 权限。")
+		fmt.Println("请运行: sudo clicd cli --no-web")
+		return
+	}
+
+	confirm := promptString(reader, "输入 uninstall 继续卸载", "no")
+	if strings.ToLower(confirm) != "uninstall" {
+		fmt.Println("已取消")
+		return
+	}
+
+	destroyAllLXCContainers()
+	stopAndRemoveService()
+	removePath("/usr/local/bin/clicd")
+	removePath("/etc/sysctl.d/99-clicd.conf")
+	removePath("/var/log/clicd.log")
+	removePath("/var/log/clicd.err")
+	removePath("/root/.clicd")
+	removePath("/var/lib/lxc")
+	removePath("/var/cache/lxc")
+
+	reloadSysctl()
+
+	fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Println("CLICD 已卸载。")
+	fmt.Println("服务、二进制、配置、容器和 LXC 镜像缓存均已删除。")
+}
+
+func destroyAllLXCContainers() {
+	entries, err := os.ReadDir("/var/lib/lxc")
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		if !entry.IsDir() {
+			continue
+		}
+		name := entry.Name()
+		fmt.Printf("Destroying LXC container %s...\n", name)
+		runQuiet("lxc-stop", "-n", name, "-k")
+		runQuiet("lxc-destroy", "-n", name, "-f")
+		removeLXCContainerPath("/var/lib/lxc/" + name)
+	}
+}
+
+func removeLXCContainerPath(path string) {
+	unmountPathTree(path)
+	detachLoopDevices(path)
+	if err := os.RemoveAll(path); err == nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Removed %s\n", path)
+		return
+	}
+
+	runQuiet("fuser", "-km", path+"/rootfs")
+	runQuiet("fuser", "-km", path)
+	unmountPathTree(path)
+	detachLoopDevices(path)
+	removePath(path)
+}
+
+func unmountPathTree(path string) {
+	if commandExists("findmnt") {
+		out, err := exec.Command("findmnt", "-R", "-n", "-o", "TARGET", path).Output()
+		if err == nil {
+			mounts := strings.Split(strings.TrimSpace(string(out)), "\n")
+			for i := len(mounts) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+				mountpoint := strings.TrimSpace(mounts[i])
+				if mountpoint != "" {
+					runQuiet("umount", "-R", "-l", mountpoint)
+					runQuiet("umount", "-l", mountpoint)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	runQuiet("umount", "-R", "-l", path+"/rootfs")
+	runQuiet("umount", "-l", path+"/rootfs")
+	runQuiet("umount", "-R", "-l", path)
+	runQuiet("umount", "-l", path)
+}
+
+func detachLoopDevices(path string) {
+	if !commandExists("losetup") {
+		return
+	}
+	images := []string{path + "/rootfs.img"}
+	if entries, err := os.ReadDir(path); err == nil {
+		for _, entry := range entries {
+			if !entry.IsDir() && strings.HasSuffix(entry.Name(), ".img") {
+				images = append(images, path+"/"+entry.Name())
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	for _, image := range images {
+		out, err := exec.Command("losetup", "-j", image).Output()
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, line := range strings.Split(strings.TrimSpace(string(out)), "\n") {
+			if idx := strings.Index(line, ":"); idx > 0 {
+				runQuiet("losetup", "-d", line[:idx])
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func stopAndRemoveService() {
+	if commandExists("systemctl") {
+		runQuiet("systemctl", "stop", "clicd")
+		runQuiet("systemctl", "disable", "clicd")
+		removePath("/etc/systemd/system/clicd.service")
+		runQuiet("systemctl", "daemon-reload")
+		runQuiet("systemctl", "reset-failed", "clicd")
+	}
+
+	if commandExists("rc-service") {
+		runQuiet("rc-service", "clicd", "stop")
+	}
+	if commandExists("rc-update") {
+		runQuiet("rc-update", "del", "clicd", "default")
+	}
+	removePath("/etc/init.d/clicd")
+}
+
+func removePath(path string) {
+	if _, err := os.Lstat(path); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return
+	}
+	if err := os.RemoveAll(path); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Failed to remove %s: %v\n", path, err)
+		return
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Removed %s\n", path)
+}
+
+func reloadSysctl() {
+	if commandExists("sysctl") {
+		runQuiet("sysctl", "--system")
+	}
+}
+
+func commandExists(name string) bool {
+	_, err := exec.LookPath(name)
+	return err == nil
+}
+
+func runQuiet(name string, args ...string) {
+	_ = exec.Command(name, args...).Run()
+}
+
+func restartWebPanelForConfigChange() {
+	if err := restartService("clicd"); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Web 面板重载跳过: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+	fmt.Println("Web 面板已重载并应用配置变更。")
+}
+
+func stopService(name string) error {
+	if commandExists("systemctl") {
+		return exec.Command("systemctl", "stop", name).Run()
+	}
+	if commandExists("rc-service") {
+		return exec.Command("rc-service", name, "stop").Run()
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("no supported service manager found")
+}
+
+func startService(name string) error {
+	if commandExists("systemctl") {
+		return exec.Command("systemctl", "start", name).Run()
+	}
+	if commandExists("rc-service") {
+		return exec.Command("rc-service", name, "start").Run()
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("no supported service manager found")
+}
+
+func restartService(name string) error {
+	if commandExists("systemctl") {
+		return exec.Command("systemctl", "restart", name).Run()
+	}
+	if commandExists("rc-service") {
+		return exec.Command("rc-service", name, "restart").Run()
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("no supported service manager found")
 }
 
 func cliShowInfo() {
 	containers, err := manager.ListContainers()
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("Failed to read container status: %v\n", err)
+		fmt.Printf("读取容器状态失败: %v\n", err)
 	}
 
 	total := len(containers)
@@ -321,43 +886,44 @@ func cliShowInfo() {
 		}
 	}
 
-	fmt.Println("\n--- System info ---")
-	fmt.Printf("Web port: %d\n", config.AppConfig.Port)
-	fmt.Printf("Admin user: %s\n", config.AppConfig.AdminUser)
-	fmt.Printf("Containers: %d\n", total)
-	fmt.Printf("Running: %d\n", running)
-	fmt.Printf("Stopped: %d\n", total-running)
+	fmt.Println("\n--- 系统信息 ---")
+	fmt.Printf("CLICD 版本: %s\n", version.Current())
+	fmt.Printf("Web 端口: %d\n", config.AppConfig.Port)
+	fmt.Printf("管理员用户: %s\n", config.AppConfig.AdminUser)
+	fmt.Printf("容器总数: %d\n", total)
+	fmt.Printf("运行中: %d\n", running)
+	fmt.Printf("已停止: %d\n", total-running)
 
 	if hostname, err := os.Hostname(); err == nil {
-		fmt.Printf("Hostname: %s\n", hostname)
+		fmt.Printf("主机名: %s\n", hostname)
 	}
 
 	cmd := exec.Command("lxc-info", "--version")
 	output, err := cmd.Output()
 	if err == nil {
-		fmt.Printf("LXC version: %s", string(output))
+		fmt.Printf("LXC 版本: %s", string(output))
 	}
 }
 
 func selectContainer(reader *bufio.Reader, action string) (int, string) {
 	containers, err := manager.ListContainers()
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("Failed to list containers: %v\n", err)
+		fmt.Printf("获取容器列表失败: %v\n", err)
 		return 0, ""
 	}
 	if len(containers) == 0 {
-		fmt.Println("No containers available")
+		fmt.Println("暂无可用容器")
 		return 0, ""
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("\n--- Select container to %s ---\n", action)
+	fmt.Printf("\n--- 选择要%s的容器 ---\n", action)
 	for i, container := range containers {
 		fmt.Printf("  %d. [%d] %s [%s]\n", i+1, container.ID, container.Name, container.Status)
 	}
 
-	idx := promptInt(reader, "Container", 0)
+	idx := promptInt(reader, "容器", 0)
 	if idx < 1 || idx > len(containers) {
-		fmt.Println("Invalid selection")
+		fmt.Println("选择无效")
 		return 0, ""
 	}
 
@@ -403,7 +969,7 @@ func clearScreen() {
 }
 
 func waitEnter(reader *bufio.Reader) {
-	fmt.Print("\nPress Enter to return to menu...")
+	fmt.Print("\n按 Enter 返回菜单...")
 	reader.ReadString('\n')
 }
 
@@ -417,7 +983,7 @@ func promptPortList(reader *bufio.Reader, label string) []int {
 	for _, part := range strings.Split(input, ",") {
 		value, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(part))
 		if err != nil || value <= 0 || value > 65535 {
-			fmt.Printf("Ignoring invalid port: %s\n", strings.TrimSpace(part))
+			fmt.Printf("忽略无效端口: %s\n", strings.TrimSpace(part))
 			continue
 		}
 		ports = append(ports, value)

backend/internal/config/config.go

@@ -47,59 +47,100 @@ type SavedLoginLog struct {
 
 // AuditLog represents an operation log entry
 type AuditLog struct {
-	Time   string `json:"time"`
-	Action string `json:"action"`
-	Target string `json:"target"`
-	Detail string `json:"detail"`
-	User   string `json:"user"`
-}
-
-// OversellConfig controls host-level overselling behavior
-type OversellConfig struct {
-	CPUOvercommit  int  `json:"cpu_overcommit"`  // multiplier, e.g. 4 means 4x oversell
-	RAMOvercommit  int  `json:"ram_overcommit"`  // multiplier
-	DiskOvercommit int  `json:"disk_overcommit"` // multiplier
-	KSMEnabled     bool `json:"ksm_enabled"`     // kernel same-page merging
-	Swappiness     int  `json:"swappiness"`      // 0-100, lower = less swap
+	Time      string `json:"time"`
+	Action    string `json:"action"`
+	Target    string `json:"target"`
+	Detail    string `json:"detail"`
+	User      string `json:"user"`
+	IP        string `json:"ip,omitempty"`
+	UserAgent string `json:"user_agent,omitempty"`
+	Success   *bool  `json:"success,omitempty"`
+	Error     string `json:"error,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // Container represents an LXC container configuration
 type Container struct {
-	ID               int           `json:"id"`
-	UUID             string        `json:"uuid"`
-	Name             string        `json:"name"`
-	Template         string        `json:"template"`
-	VCPU             float64       `json:"vcpu"`
-	RAMMB            int           `json:"ram_mb"`
-	DiskGB           int           `json:"disk_gb"`
-	NetworkBWMbps    int           `json:"network_bw_mbps"`
-	MonthlyTrafficGB int           `json:"monthly_traffic_gb"`
-	TrafficMode      string        `json:"traffic_mode"`   // "total" or "in_out"
-	TrafficInGB      int           `json:"traffic_in_gb"`  // 0 = unlimited
-	TrafficOutGB     int           `json:"traffic_out_gb"` // 0 = unlimited
-	TrafficUsedRX    int64         `json:"traffic_used_rx"`
-	TrafficUsedTX    int64         `json:"traffic_used_tx"`
-	TrafficResetDate string        `json:"traffic_reset_date"`
-	IOSpeedMBps      int           `json:"io_speed_mbps"`
-	Status           string        `json:"status"`
-	IP               string        `json:"ip"`
-	IPv6             string        `json:"ipv6"`
-	IPv6PrefixLen    int           `json:"ipv6_prefix_len"`
-	IPv6Interface    string        `json:"ipv6_interface"`
-	VNCPort          int           `json:"vnc_port"`
-	SSHPort          int           `json:"ssh_port"`
-	SSHPassword      string        `json:"ssh_password"`
-	PortMappings     []PortMapping `json:"port_mappings"`
-	PortMappingLimit int           `json:"port_mapping_limit"`
-	CreatedAt        string        `json:"created_at"`
-	ExpiresAt        string        `json:"expires_at"`
+	ID                            int           `json:"id"`
+	UUID                          string        `json:"uuid"`
+	Name                          string        `json:"name"`
+	Virtualization                string        `json:"virtualization,omitempty"`
+	LXCName                       string        `json:"lxc_name,omitempty"`
+	KVMName                       string        `json:"kvm_name,omitempty"`
+	DiskImage                     string        `json:"disk_image,omitempty"`
+	MACAddress                    string        `json:"mac_address,omitempty"`
+	Template                      string        `json:"template"`
+	VCPU                          float64       `json:"vcpu"`
+	RAMMB                         int           `json:"ram_mb"`
+	DiskGB                        int           `json:"disk_gb"`
+	NetworkBWMbps                 int           `json:"network_bw_mbps"`
+	MonthlyTrafficGB              int           `json:"monthly_traffic_gb"`
+	TrafficMode                   string        `json:"traffic_mode"`   // "total" or "in_out"
+	TrafficInGB                   int           `json:"traffic_in_gb"`  // 0 = unlimited
+	TrafficOutGB                  int           `json:"traffic_out_gb"` // 0 = unlimited
+	TrafficUsedRX                 int64         `json:"traffic_used_rx"`
+	TrafficUsedTX                 int64         `json:"traffic_used_tx"`
+	TrafficResetDate              string        `json:"traffic_reset_date"`
+	IOSpeedMBps                   int           `json:"io_speed_mbps"`
+	Status                        string        `json:"status"`
+	IP                            string        `json:"ip"`
+	IPv6                          string        `json:"ipv6"`
+	IPv6PrefixLen                 int           `json:"ipv6_prefix_len"`
+	IPv6Interface                 string        `json:"ipv6_interface"`
+	VNCPort                       int           `json:"vnc_port"`
+	SSHPort                       int           `json:"ssh_port"`
+	SSHPassword                   string        `json:"ssh_password"`
+	SSHHostKey                    string        `json:"ssh_host_key,omitempty"`
+	PortMappings                  []PortMapping `json:"port_mappings"`
+	PortMappingLimit              int           `json:"port_mapping_limit"`
+	SnapshotLimit                 int           `json:"snapshot_limit"`
+	CreatedAt                     string        `json:"created_at"`
+	ExpiresAt                     string        `json:"expires_at"`
+	SnapshotScheduleEnabled       bool          `json:"snapshot_schedule_enabled"`
+	SnapshotScheduleIntervalHours int           `json:"snapshot_schedule_interval_hours"`
+	SnapshotScheduleTime          string        `json:"snapshot_schedule_time"`
+	SnapshotScheduleLastRun       string        `json:"snapshot_schedule_last_run"`
+	SnapshotScheduleNextRun       string        `json:"snapshot_schedule_next_run"`
+	SnapshotScheduleCreatedBy     string        `json:"snapshot_schedule_created_by"`
+}
+
+const (
+	VirtualizationLXC = "lxc"
+	VirtualizationKVM = "kvm"
+)
+
+func NormalizeVirtualization(value string) string {
+	switch strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(value)) {
+	case VirtualizationKVM:
+		return VirtualizationKVM
+	default:
+		return VirtualizationLXC
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Container) Runtime() string {
+	return NormalizeVirtualization(c.Virtualization)
+}
+
+func (c *Container) IsKVM() bool {
+	return c.Runtime() == VirtualizationKVM
 }
 
 // LxcName returns the internal LXC container name (ct-{id})
 func (c *Container) LxcName() string {
+	if c.LXCName != "" {
+		return c.LXCName
+	}
 	return fmt.Sprintf("ct-%d", c.ID)
 }
 
+// VirshName returns the internal libvirt domain name for KVM instances.
+func (c *Container) VirshName() string {
+	if c.KVMName != "" {
+		return c.KVMName
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("vm-%d", c.ID)
+}
+
 // SubUser represents a sub-user with access to specific containers
 type ApiKeyConfig struct {
 	ID          string `json:"id"`
@@ -126,12 +167,26 @@ func DeleteApiKey(id string) {
 type SubUser struct {
 	ID             string   `json:"id"`
 	Username       string   `json:"username"`
-	Password       string   `json:"password"` // plaintext for display
+	Password       string   `json:"password,omitempty"`
 	PassHash       string   `json:"pass_hash"`
 	ContainerNames []string `json:"container_names"`
-	Token          string   `json:"token"`
+	ContainerUUIDs []string `json:"container_uuids,omitempty"`
+	Token          string   `json:"-"`
 	AccessCode     string   `json:"access_code"`
 	CreatedAt      string   `json:"created_at"`
+	TokenVersion   int      `json:"token_version"`
+}
+
+type Snapshot struct {
+	ID            string `json:"id"`
+	ContainerID   int    `json:"container_id"`
+	ContainerName string `json:"container_name"`
+	LXCName       string `json:"lxc_name"`
+	CreatedAt     string `json:"created_at"`
+	CreatedBy     string `json:"created_by"`
+	Scheduled     bool   `json:"scheduled"`
+	Path          string `json:"path"`
+	SizeBytes     int64  `json:"size_bytes"`
 }
 
 // ClicdConfig is the main configuration structure
@@ -146,18 +201,20 @@ type ClicdConfig struct {
 	NextVNCPort     int             `json:"next_vnc_port"`
 	NextSSHPort     int             `json:"next_ssh_port"`
 	SetupComplete   bool            `json:"setup_complete"`
-	Oversell        OversellConfig  `json:"oversell"`
 	SubUsers        []SubUser       `json:"sub_users"`
 	ApiKeys         []ApiKeyConfig  `json:"api_keys"`
 	AuditLogs       []AuditLog      `json:"audit_logs"`
 	Tasks           []SavedTask     `json:"tasks"`
 	LoginLogs       []SavedLoginLog `json:"login_logs"`
 	EnabledImages   []string        `json:"enabled_images"`
+	Snapshots       []Snapshot      `json:"snapshots"`
 }
 
 var configPath string
 var AppConfig *ClicdConfig
 
+const DefaultSnapshotLimit = 3
+
 func getConfigPath() string {
 	if configPath != "" {
 		return configPath
@@ -244,13 +301,7 @@ func InitConfig() (*ClicdConfig, error) {
 			AuditLogs:       []AuditLog{},
 			Tasks:           []SavedTask{},
 			LoginLogs:       []SavedLoginLog{},
-			Oversell: OversellConfig{
-				CPUOvercommit:  4,
-				RAMOvercommit:  1,
-				DiskOvercommit: 2,
-				KSMEnabled:     true,
-				Swappiness:     10,
-			},
+			Snapshots: []Snapshot{},
 		}
 
 		if err := SaveConfig(); err != nil {
@@ -300,10 +351,25 @@ func InitConfig() (*ClicdConfig, error) {
 	if AppConfig.Containers == nil {
 		AppConfig.Containers = make([]Container, 0)
 	}
+	if AppConfig.Snapshots == nil {
+		AppConfig.Snapshots = make([]Snapshot, 0)
+	}
 	changed := ensureContainerUUIDs()
+	if ensureContainerVirtualization() {
+		changed = true
+	}
 	if ensureContainerPortMappingLimits() {
 		changed = true
 	}
+	if ensureContainerSnapshotLimits() {
+		changed = true
+	}
+	if ensureContainerSnapshotScheduleDefaults() {
+		changed = true
+	}
+	if migrateSubUsers() {
+		changed = true
+	}
 	if removeLegacyVNCMappings() {
 		changed = true
 	}
@@ -316,6 +382,33 @@ func InitConfig() (*ClicdConfig, error) {
 	return AppConfig, nil
 }
 
+func ensureContainerVirtualization() bool {
+	changed := false
+	for i := range AppConfig.Containers {
+		next := NormalizeVirtualization(AppConfig.Containers[i].Virtualization)
+		if AppConfig.Containers[i].Virtualization != next {
+			AppConfig.Containers[i].Virtualization = next
+			changed = true
+		}
+	}
+	return changed
+}
+
+func ensureContainerSnapshotScheduleDefaults() bool {
+	changed := false
+	for i := range AppConfig.Containers {
+		if AppConfig.Containers[i].SnapshotScheduleEnabled && AppConfig.Containers[i].SnapshotScheduleIntervalHours < 24 {
+			AppConfig.Containers[i].SnapshotScheduleIntervalHours = 24
+			changed = true
+		}
+		if AppConfig.Containers[i].SnapshotScheduleEnabled && AppConfig.Containers[i].SnapshotScheduleTime == "" {
+			AppConfig.Containers[i].SnapshotScheduleTime = "03:00"
+			changed = true
+		}
+	}
+	return changed
+}
+
 func ensureContainerUUIDs() bool {
 	changed := false
 	used := make(map[string]bool)
@@ -351,6 +444,68 @@ func ensureContainerPortMappingLimits() bool {
 	return changed
 }
 
+func ensureContainerSnapshotLimits() bool {
+	changed := false
+	for i := range AppConfig.Containers {
+		if AppConfig.Containers[i].SnapshotLimit <= 0 {
+			AppConfig.Containers[i].SnapshotLimit = DefaultSnapshotLimit
+			changed = true
+		}
+	}
+	return changed
+}
+
+func migrateSubUsers() bool {
+	changed := false
+	for i := range AppConfig.SubUsers {
+		su := &AppConfig.SubUsers[i]
+		if su.PassHash == "" && su.Password != "" {
+			if hash, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword([]byte(su.Password), bcrypt.DefaultCost); err == nil {
+				su.PassHash = string(hash)
+				changed = true
+			}
+		}
+		if su.Token != "" {
+			su.Token = ""
+			changed = true
+		}
+		if len(su.ContainerUUIDs) == 0 && len(su.ContainerNames) > 0 {
+			for _, name := range su.ContainerNames {
+				if c := FindContainerByName(name); c != nil && c.UUID != "" {
+					su.ContainerUUIDs = appendUniqueString(su.ContainerUUIDs, c.UUID)
+				}
+			}
+			if len(su.ContainerUUIDs) > 0 {
+				changed = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return changed
+}
+
+func appendUniqueString(values []string, value string) []string {
+	for _, existing := range values {
+		if existing == value {
+			return values
+		}
+	}
+	return append(values, value)
+}
+
+func NormalizeSnapshotLimit(limit int) int {
+	if limit <= 0 {
+		return DefaultSnapshotLimit
+	}
+	return limit
+}
+
+func ContainerSnapshotLimit(c *Container) int {
+	if c == nil {
+		return DefaultSnapshotLimit
+	}
+	return NormalizeSnapshotLimit(c.SnapshotLimit)
+}
+
 func removeLegacyVNCMappings() bool {
 	changed := false
 	for i := range AppConfig.Containers {
@@ -387,6 +542,7 @@ func AddContainer(c Container) {
 	if c.UUID == "" {
 		c.UUID = NewContainerUUID()
 	}
+	c.Virtualization = NormalizeVirtualization(c.Virtualization)
 	AppConfig.Containers = append(AppConfig.Containers, c)
 	SaveConfig()
 }
@@ -403,7 +559,10 @@ func AllocateContainerID() int {
 func RemoveContainer(id int) bool {
 	for i, c := range AppConfig.Containers {
 		if c.ID == id {
-			removeSubUserContainerAccess(c.Name)
+			removeSubUserContainerAccess(c.Name, c.UUID)
+			removeContainerSnapshotMetadata(id)
+			// Clear snapshot schedule for this container
+			clearContainerSnapshotSchedule(&AppConfig.Containers[i])
 			AppConfig.Containers = append(AppConfig.Containers[:i], AppConfig.Containers[i+1:]...)
 			SaveConfig()
 			return true
@@ -412,8 +571,67 @@ func RemoveContainer(id int) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-func removeSubUserContainerAccess(containerName string) {
-	if containerName == "" || len(AppConfig.SubUsers) == 0 {
+func clearContainerSnapshotSchedule(c *Container) {
+	c.SnapshotScheduleEnabled = false
+	c.SnapshotScheduleIntervalHours = 0
+	c.SnapshotScheduleTime = ""
+	c.SnapshotScheduleLastRun = ""
+	c.SnapshotScheduleNextRun = ""
+	c.SnapshotScheduleCreatedBy = ""
+}
+
+func AddSnapshot(snapshot Snapshot) {
+	AppConfig.Snapshots = append(AppConfig.Snapshots, snapshot)
+	SaveConfig()
+}
+
+func FindSnapshot(id string) *Snapshot {
+	for i := range AppConfig.Snapshots {
+		if AppConfig.Snapshots[i].ID == id {
+			return &AppConfig.Snapshots[i]
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func RemoveSnapshot(id string) bool {
+	for i := range AppConfig.Snapshots {
+		if AppConfig.Snapshots[i].ID == id {
+			AppConfig.Snapshots = append(AppConfig.Snapshots[:i], AppConfig.Snapshots[i+1:]...)
+			SaveConfig()
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func ContainerSnapshots(containerID int) []Snapshot {
+	result := make([]Snapshot, 0)
+	for _, snapshot := range AppConfig.Snapshots {
+		if snapshot.ContainerID == containerID {
+			result = append(result, snapshot)
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func removeContainerSnapshotMetadata(containerID int) {
+	filtered := make([]Snapshot, 0, len(AppConfig.Snapshots))
+	for _, snapshot := range AppConfig.Snapshots {
+		if snapshot.ContainerID != containerID {
+			filtered = append(filtered, snapshot)
+		}
+	}
+	AppConfig.Snapshots = filtered
+}
+
+func RemoveSubUserContainerAccess(containerName string, containerUUID string) {
+	removeSubUserContainerAccess(containerName, containerUUID)
+	SaveConfig()
+}
+
+func removeSubUserContainerAccess(containerName string, containerUUID string) {
+	if containerName == "" && containerUUID == "" || len(AppConfig.SubUsers) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
 	filteredUsers := make([]SubUser, 0, len(AppConfig.SubUsers))
@@ -424,10 +642,17 @@ func removeSubUserContainerAccess(containerName string) {
 				filteredNames = append(filteredNames, name)
 			}
 		}
-		if len(filteredNames) == 0 {
+		filteredUUIDs := make([]string, 0, len(su.ContainerUUIDs))
+		for _, uuid := range su.ContainerUUIDs {
+			if uuid != containerUUID {
+				filteredUUIDs = append(filteredUUIDs, uuid)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(filteredNames) == 0 && len(filteredUUIDs) == 0 {
 			continue
 		}
 		su.ContainerNames = filteredNames
+		su.ContainerUUIDs = filteredUUIDs
 		filteredUsers = append(filteredUsers, su)
 	}
 	AppConfig.SubUsers = filteredUsers
@@ -534,6 +759,26 @@ func AddAuditLog(action, target, detail, user string) {
 	SaveConfig()
 }
 
+func AddAuditLogFull(action, target, detail, user, ip, userAgent string, success bool, errMsg string) {
+	s := success
+	log := AuditLog{
+		Time:      time.Now().Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05"),
+		Action:    action,
+		Target:    target,
+		Detail:    detail,
+		User:      user,
+		IP:        ip,
+		UserAgent: userAgent,
+		Success:   &s,
+		Error:     errMsg,
+	}
+	AppConfig.AuditLogs = append(AppConfig.AuditLogs, log)
+	if len(AppConfig.AuditLogs) > 500 {
+		AppConfig.AuditLogs = AppConfig.AuditLogs[len(AppConfig.AuditLogs)-500:]
+	}
+	SaveConfig()
+}
+
 // SaveTasks persists the task queue to config
 func SaveTasks(tasks []SavedTask) {
 	AppConfig.Tasks = tasks
@@ -571,6 +816,19 @@ func CleanStaleContainers() {
 	valid := make([]Container, 0)
 	changed := false
 	for _, c := range AppConfig.Containers {
+		if c.IsKVM() {
+			if c.DiskImage == "" {
+				valid = append(valid, c)
+				continue
+			}
+			if _, err := os.Stat(c.DiskImage); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+				fmt.Printf("Cleaning stale KVM config: %s (disk image not found)\n", c.VirshName())
+				changed = true
+				continue
+			}
+			valid = append(valid, c)
+			continue
+		}
 		lxcDir := "/var/lib/lxc/" + c.LxcName()
 		if _, err := os.Stat(lxcDir); os.IsNotExist(err) {
 			fmt.Printf("Cleaning stale container config: %s (LXC dir not found)\n", c.LxcName())

backend/internal/kvm/templates.go

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+package kvm
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+)
+
+type Image struct {
+	ID          string `json:"id"`
+	Name        string `json:"name"`
+	Distro      string `json:"distro"`
+	Release     string `json:"release"`
+	Arch        string `json:"arch"`
+	Description string `json:"description"`
+	URL         string `json:"url"`
+}
+
+func GetImages() []Image {
+	return []Image{
+		{
+			ID: "kvm-ubuntu-noble", Name: "Ubuntu 24.04 KVM",
+			Distro: "ubuntu", Release: "noble", Arch: "amd64",
+			Description: "Ubuntu 24.04 LTS cloud image for KVM",
+			URL:         "https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/noble/current/noble-server-cloudimg-amd64.img",
+		},
+		{
+			ID: "kvm-ubuntu-jammy", Name: "Ubuntu 22.04 KVM",
+			Distro: "ubuntu", Release: "jammy", Arch: "amd64",
+			Description: "Ubuntu 22.04 LTS cloud image for KVM",
+			URL:         "https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/jammy/current/jammy-server-cloudimg-amd64.img",
+		},
+		{
+			ID: "kvm-debian-bookworm", Name: "Debian 12 KVM",
+			Distro: "debian", Release: "bookworm", Arch: "amd64",
+			Description: "Debian 12 generic cloud image for KVM",
+			URL:         "https://cloud.debian.org/images/cloud/bookworm/latest/debian-12-genericcloud-amd64.qcow2",
+		},
+		{
+			ID: "kvm-debian-bullseye", Name: "Debian 11 KVM",
+			Distro: "debian", Release: "bullseye", Arch: "amd64",
+			Description: "Debian 11 generic cloud image for KVM",
+			URL:         "https://cloud.debian.org/images/cloud/bullseye/latest/debian-11-genericcloud-amd64.qcow2",
+		},
+		{
+			ID: "kvm-alpine-3.23", Name: "Alpine 3.23 KVM",
+			Distro: "alpine", Release: "3.23", Arch: "amd64",
+			Description: "Alpine Linux 3.23 NoCloud cloud-init image for KVM",
+			URL:         "https://dev.alpinelinux.org/~tomalok/alpine-cloud-images/v3.23/nocloud/x86_64/nocloud_alpine-3.23.4-x86_64-bios-cloudinit-r0.qcow2",
+		},
+		{
+			ID: "kvm-centos-9-stream", Name: "CentOS Stream 9 KVM",
+			Distro: "centos", Release: "9-stream", Arch: "amd64",
+			Description: "CentOS Stream 9 GenericCloud image for KVM",
+			URL:         "https://cloud.centos.org/centos/9-stream/x86_64/images/CentOS-Stream-GenericCloud-9-latest.x86_64.qcow2",
+		},
+		{
+			ID: "kvm-archlinux-current", Name: "Arch Linux KVM",
+			Distro: "archlinux", Release: "current", Arch: "amd64",
+			Description: "Arch Linux (Rolling) cloud image for KVM",
+			URL:         "https://geo.mirror.pkgbuild.com/images/latest/Arch-Linux-x86_64-cloudimg.qcow2",
+		},
+		{
+			ID: "kvm-fedora-44", Name: "Fedora 44 KVM",
+			Distro: "fedora", Release: "44", Arch: "amd64",
+			Description: "Fedora 44 GenericCloud image for KVM",
+			URL:         "https://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/44/Cloud/x86_64/images/Fedora-Cloud-Base-Generic-44-1.7.x86_64.qcow2",
+		},
+		{
+			ID: "kvm-rockylinux-9", Name: "Rocky Linux 9 KVM",
+			Distro: "rockylinux", Release: "9", Arch: "amd64",
+			Description: "Rocky Linux 9 GenericCloud image for KVM",
+			URL:         "https://dl.rockylinux.org/pub/rocky/9/images/x86_64/Rocky-9-GenericCloud-Base.latest.x86_64.qcow2",
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func FindImage(id string) *Image {
+	for _, image := range GetImages() {
+		if image.ID == id {
+			return &image
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func CacheDir() string {
+	return filepath.Join(BaseDir(), "images")
+}
+
+func ImagePath(id string) string {
+	return filepath.Join(CacheDir(), id+".qcow2")
+}

backend/internal/lxc/expiry.go

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ func IsExpired(c config.Container) bool {
 // StopExpiredContainers stops running containers whose expiration date has passed.
 func (m *Manager) StopExpiredContainers(now time.Time) {
 	for _, container := range config.AppConfig.Containers {
-		if !isContainerExpired(container, now) {
+		if container.IsKVM() || !isContainerExpired(container, now) {
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func (m *Manager) StopTrafficExceededContainers(now time.Time) {
 	saved := false
 	for i := range config.AppConfig.Containers {
 		c := &config.AppConfig.Containers[i]
-		if c.Status != "running" {
+		if c.IsKVM() || c.Status != "running" {
 			continue
 		}
 

backend/internal/lxc/ipv6.go

@@ -428,6 +428,12 @@ func (m *Manager) AssignIPv6(id int) (*config.Container, error) {
 	if err := m.applyIPv6Config(c.LxcName(), c.IPv6); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	rootfsPath := filepath.Join(m.LxcPath, c.LxcName(), "rootfs")
+	if _, err := os.Stat(rootfsPath); err == nil {
+		if err := installContainerIPv6Init(rootfsPath, c.IPv6); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("Warning: failed to install IPv6 init in %s: %v\n", c.LxcName(), err)
+		}
+	}
 	if err := m.ApplyIPv6(id); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -477,6 +483,12 @@ func (m *Manager) ApplyIPv6(id int) error {
 		config.SaveConfig()
 	}
 
+	rootfsPath := filepath.Join(m.LxcPath, c.LxcName(), "rootfs")
+	if _, err := os.Stat(rootfsPath); err == nil {
+		if err := installContainerIPv6Init(rootfsPath, c.IPv6); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("Warning: failed to install IPv6 init in %s: %v\n", c.LxcName(), err)
+		}
+	}
 	if err := ensureHostIPv6Routing(c.IPv6, c.IPv6Interface); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -485,12 +497,16 @@ func (m *Manager) ApplyIPv6(id int) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	cmd := exec.Command("lxc-attach", "-n", c.LxcName(), "--", "sh", "-c",
-		fmt.Sprintf("ip -6 addr replace %s/128 dev eth0 && ip -6 route replace default via %s dev eth0",
+		fmt.Sprintf("ip -6 addr replace %s/128 dev eth0 && ip -6 route replace default via %s dev eth0 metric 100",
 			shellQuote(c.IPv6), shellQuote(ipv6GatewayLinkLocal)))
 	output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply IPv6 inside container: %v, output: %s", err, string(output))
 	}
+	removeIPv6NAT66(c.IPv6, c.IPv6Interface)
+	if !containerIPv6ConnectivityOK(c.LxcName()) {
+		ensureIPv6NAT66(c.IPv6, c.IPv6Interface)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -513,6 +529,191 @@ func ensureHostIPv6Routing(ipv6, uplink string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func installContainerIPv6Init(rootfsPath, ipv6 string) error {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(ipv6) == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if _, err := netip.ParseAddr(ipv6); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid IPv6 address %q: %w", ipv6, err)
+	}
+
+	scriptPath := filepath.Join(rootfsPath, "usr", "local", "sbin", "clicd-ipv6-init")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(scriptPath), 0755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	script := `#!/bin/sh
+IPV6_ADDR=` + shellQuote(ipv6) + `
+IPV6_GW=` + shellQuote(ipv6GatewayLinkLocal) + `
+IFACE="${CLICD_IPV6_IFACE:-eth0}"
+
+command -v ip >/dev/null 2>&1 || exit 0
+
+i=0
+while [ "$i" -lt 30 ]; do
+	if ip link show dev "$IFACE" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+		break
+	fi
+	i=$((i + 1))
+	sleep 1
+done
+
+ip link set dev "$IFACE" up >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+ip -6 addr replace "$IPV6_ADDR/128" dev "$IFACE" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+ip -6 route replace default via "$IPV6_GW" dev "$IFACE" metric 100 >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+exit 0
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(scriptPath, []byte(script), 0755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	osRelease := ""
+	if data, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(rootfsPath, "etc", "os-release")); err == nil {
+		osRelease = strings.ToLower(string(data))
+	}
+	hasSystemd := dirExists(filepath.Join(rootfsPath, "etc", "systemd", "system"))
+	hasOpenRC := fileExists(filepath.Join(rootfsPath, "sbin", "openrc-run")) || strings.Contains(osRelease, "alpine")
+
+	if hasSystemd {
+		if err := installContainerIPv6Systemd(rootfsPath); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if hasOpenRC {
+		if err := installContainerIPv6OpenRC(rootfsPath); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if !hasSystemd && !hasOpenRC {
+		if err := installContainerIPv6SysV(rootfsPath); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func installContainerIPv6Systemd(rootfsPath string) error {
+	servicePath := filepath.Join(rootfsPath, "etc", "systemd", "system", "clicd-ipv6.service")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(servicePath), 0755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	service := `[Unit]
+Description=CLICD IPv6 setup
+After=network-online.target network.target
+Wants=network-online.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=/usr/local/sbin/clicd-ipv6-init
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(servicePath, []byte(service), 0644); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	wantsDir := filepath.Join(rootfsPath, "etc", "systemd", "system", "multi-user.target.wants")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(wantsDir, 0755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return replaceSymlink("../clicd-ipv6.service", filepath.Join(wantsDir, "clicd-ipv6.service"))
+}
+
+func installContainerIPv6OpenRC(rootfsPath string) error {
+	initPath := filepath.Join(rootfsPath, "etc", "init.d", "clicd-ipv6")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(initPath), 0755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	initScript := `#!/sbin/openrc-run
+name="CLICD IPv6 setup"
+description="Apply CLICD IPv6 settings"
+
+depend() {
+	after net networking
+	need net
+}
+
+start() {
+	ebegin "Applying CLICD IPv6"
+	/usr/local/sbin/clicd-ipv6-init
+	eend $?
+}
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(initPath, []byte(initScript), 0755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	runlevelDir := filepath.Join(rootfsPath, "etc", "runlevels", "default")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(runlevelDir, 0755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return replaceSymlink(filepath.Join("..", "..", "init.d", "clicd-ipv6"), filepath.Join(runlevelDir, "clicd-ipv6"))
+}
+
+func installContainerIPv6SysV(rootfsPath string) error {
+	initDir := filepath.Join(rootfsPath, "etc", "init.d")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(initDir, 0755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	initPath := filepath.Join(initDir, "clicd-ipv6")
+	initScript := `#!/bin/sh
+### BEGIN INIT INFO
+# Provides:          clicd-ipv6
+# Required-Start:    $network
+# Required-Stop:
+# Default-Start:     2 3 4 5
+# Default-Stop:
+# Short-Description: CLICD IPv6 setup
+### END INIT INFO
+
+case "$1" in
+	start|restart|force-reload)
+		/usr/local/sbin/clicd-ipv6-init
+		;;
+	stop|status)
+		exit 0
+		;;
+	*)
+		echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|force-reload|status}"
+		exit 1
+		;;
+esac
+exit 0
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(initPath, []byte(initScript), 0755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, level := range []string{"2", "3", "4", "5"} {
+		rcDir := filepath.Join(rootfsPath, "etc", "rc"+level+".d")
+		if !dirExists(rcDir) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := replaceSymlink(filepath.Join("..", "init.d", "clicd-ipv6"), filepath.Join(rcDir, "S99clicd-ipv6")); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func replaceSymlink(target, linkPath string) error {
+	if current, err := os.Readlink(linkPath); err == nil && current == target {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if err := os.Remove(linkPath); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return err
+	}
+	return os.Symlink(target, linkPath)
+}
+
+func fileExists(path string) bool {
+	info, err := os.Stat(path)
+	return err == nil && !info.IsDir()
+}
+
+func dirExists(path string) bool {
+	info, err := os.Stat(path)
+	return err == nil && info.IsDir()
+}
+
 func ensureIPv6ForwardRules(ipv6 string) {
 	rules := [][]string{
 		{"FORWARD", "-i", "lxcbr0", "-s", ipv6 + "/128", "-j", "ACCEPT"},
@@ -527,6 +728,59 @@ func ensureIPv6ForwardRules(ipv6 string) {
 	}
 }
 
+func removeHostIPv6Routing(ipv6, uplink string) {
+	removeIPv6NAT66(ipv6, uplink)
+	removeIPv6ForwardRules(ipv6)
+	runQuiet("ip", "-6", "route", "del", ipv6+"/128", "dev", "lxcbr0")
+	if uplink != "" {
+		runQuiet("ip", "-6", "neigh", "del", "proxy", ipv6, "dev", uplink)
+	}
+}
+
+func removeIPv6ForwardRules(ipv6 string) {
+	rules := [][]string{
+		{"FORWARD", "-i", "lxcbr0", "-s", ipv6 + "/128", "-j", "ACCEPT"},
+		{"FORWARD", "-o", "lxcbr0", "-d", ipv6 + "/128", "-j", "ACCEPT"},
+	}
+	for _, rule := range rules {
+		del := append([]string{"-D"}, rule...)
+		for exec.Command("ip6tables", del...).Run() == nil {
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func containerIPv6ConnectivityOK(lxcName string) bool {
+	targets := []string{"2606:4700:4700::1111", "2001:4860:4860::8888"}
+	for _, target := range targets {
+		if exec.Command("lxc-attach", "-n", lxcName, "--", "ping", "-6", "-c", "1", "-W", "2", target).Run() == nil {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func ensureIPv6NAT66(ipv6, uplink string) {
+	if ipv6 == "" || uplink == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	rule := []string{"POSTROUTING", "-s", ipv6 + "/128", "-o", uplink, "-j", "MASQUERADE"}
+	check := append([]string{"-t", "nat", "-C"}, rule...)
+	add := append([]string{"-t", "nat", "-A"}, rule...)
+	if exec.Command("ip6tables", check...).Run() != nil {
+		exec.Command("ip6tables", add...).Run()
+	}
+}
+
+func removeIPv6NAT66(ipv6, uplink string) {
+	if ipv6 == "" || uplink == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	rule := []string{"POSTROUTING", "-s", ipv6 + "/128", "-o", uplink, "-j", "MASQUERADE"}
+	del := append([]string{"-t", "nat", "-D"}, rule...)
+	for exec.Command("ip6tables", del...).Run() == nil {
+	}
+}
+
 func runQuiet(name string, args ...string) {
 	_ = exec.Command(name, args...).Run()
 }

backend/internal/lxc/lxc.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package lxc
 
 import (
+	"bufio"
 	"context"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"encoding/hex"
@@ -72,11 +73,17 @@ func (m *Manager) WarmRunningContainersSSH() {
 	containers := append([]config.Container(nil), config.AppConfig.Containers...)
 	for _, container := range containers {
 		c := container
+		if c.IsKVM() {
+			continue
+		}
 		status, err := m.GetContainerStatus(c.LxcName())
 		if err != nil || status != "running" {
 			continue
 		}
 		config.UpdateContainerStatus(c.ID, "running")
+		if c.IP != "" && m.containerPortListening(c.LxcName(), 22) {
+			continue
+		}
 		m.WarmSSHAsync(c.ID, "running container scan")
 	}
 }
@@ -98,6 +105,11 @@ func (m *Manager) updateAllRates() {
 
 	for i := range config.AppConfig.Containers {
 		c := &config.AppConfig.Containers[i]
+		if c.IsKVM() {
+			delete(lastUsage, c.VirshName())
+			delete(rateCache, c.VirshName())
+			continue
+		}
 		if c.Status != "running" {
 			delete(lastUsage, c.LxcName())
 			delete(rateCache, c.LxcName())
@@ -105,19 +117,23 @@ func (m *Manager) updateAllRates() {
 		}
 		lxcName := c.LxcName()
 
-		// Read raw bytes
-		memUsage := readIntCommand(fmt.Sprintf(
-			"cat /sys/fs/cgroup/lxc/%[1]s/memory.current 2>/dev/null || "+
-				"cat /sys/fs/cgroup/lxc.payload.%[1]s/memory.current 2>/dev/null || "+
-				"cat /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/lxc/%[1]s/memory.usage_in_bytes 2>/dev/null || echo 0", shellQuote(lxcName)))
+		// Cache init PID once per scan so getContainerNetworkBytes / getContainerDiskIOBytes
+		// don't each fork lxc-info separately.
+		initPID := m.getContainerInitPID(lxcName)
 
-		cpuUsec := uint64(readIntCommand(fmt.Sprintf(
-			"(cat /sys/fs/cgroup/lxc/%[1]s/cpu.stat 2>/dev/null || "+
-				"cat /sys/fs/cgroup/lxc.payload.%[1]s/cpu.stat 2>/dev/null) | "+
-				"awk '/usage_usec/ {print $2; found=1} END {if (!found) print 0}'", shellQuote(lxcName))))
+		// Read memory from cgroup directly (no shell fork)
+		memUsage := readCgroupFile(lxcName,
+			"/sys/fs/cgroup/lxc/%s/memory.current",
+			"/sys/fs/cgroup/lxc.payload.%s/memory.current",
+			"/sys/fs/cgroup/memory/lxc/%s/memory.usage_in_bytes")
 
-		rxBytes, txBytes := m.getContainerNetworkBytes(lxcName)
-		readBytes, writeBytes := m.getContainerDiskIOBytes(lxcName)
+		// Read cpu usage from cgroup directly (no shell | awk fork)
+		cpuUsec := readCgroupCPUUsec(lxcName,
+			"/sys/fs/cgroup/lxc/%s/cpu.stat",
+			"/sys/fs/cgroup/lxc.payload.%s/cpu.stat")
+
+		rxBytes, txBytes := getNetworkBytesForPID(initPID)
+		readBytes, writeBytes := getDiskIOBytesForPID(initPID)
 
 		now := time.Now()
 		sample := containerUsageSample{
@@ -203,6 +219,7 @@ func NewManager() *Manager {
 // ContainerConfig defines container creation parameters
 type ContainerConfig struct {
 	Name             string  `json:"name"`
+	Virtualization   string  `json:"virtualization,omitempty"`
 	TemplateID       string  `json:"template_id"`
 	VCPU             float64 `json:"vcpu"`
 	CPUPercent       int     `json:"cpu_percent"`
@@ -216,6 +233,7 @@ type ContainerConfig struct {
 	IOSpeedMBps      int     `json:"io_speed_mbps"`
 	ExtraPorts       []int   `json:"extra_ports"`
 	PortMappingCount int     `json:"port_mapping_count"`
+	SnapshotLimit    int     `json:"snapshot_limit"`
 	AssignIPv6       bool    `json:"assign_ipv6"`
 	ExpiresAt        string  `json:"expires_at"`
 }
@@ -226,6 +244,12 @@ func (m *Manager) CreateContainer(cfg ContainerConfig) error {
 	if tmpl == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("template not found: %s", cfg.TemplateID)
 	}
+	if cfg.PortMappingCount < 2 {
+		cfg.PortMappingCount = 2
+	}
+	if cfg.SnapshotLimit <= 0 {
+		cfg.SnapshotLimit = config.DefaultSnapshotLimit
+	}
 
 	if !config.IsValidContainerName(cfg.Name) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid container name: %s", cfg.Name)
@@ -330,6 +354,7 @@ func (m *Manager) CreateContainer(cfg ContainerConfig) error {
 		ID:               id,
 		UUID:             config.NewContainerUUID(),
 		Name:             cfg.Name,
+		Virtualization:   config.VirtualizationLXC,
 		Template:         cfg.TemplateID,
 		VCPU:             cfg.VCPU,
 		RAMMB:            cfg.RAMMB,
@@ -351,6 +376,7 @@ func (m *Manager) CreateContainer(cfg ContainerConfig) error {
 		SSHPassword:      sshPassword,
 		PortMappings:     portMappings,
 		PortMappingLimit: cfg.PortMappingCount,
+		SnapshotLimit:    config.NormalizeSnapshotLimit(cfg.SnapshotLimit),
 		CreatedAt:        now,
 		ExpiresAt:        cfg.ExpiresAt,
 	}
@@ -359,12 +385,18 @@ func (m *Manager) CreateContainer(cfg ContainerConfig) error {
 	// Pre-configure network and SSH in the rootfs before first boot.
 	rootfsPath := filepath.Join(m.LxcPath, lxcName, "rootfs")
 	m.preconfigureNetwork(rootfsPath, cfg.TemplateID)
+	if ipv6 != "" {
+		if err := installContainerIPv6Init(rootfsPath, ipv6); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("Warning: failed to install IPv6 init in %s: %v\n", lxcName, err)
+		}
+	}
 	if err := m.preconfigureSSH(rootfsPath, sshPassword, cfg.TemplateID); err != nil {
 		fmt.Printf("Warning: failed to pre-configure SSH in %s: %v\n", lxcName, err)
 	}
 
 	if err := m.shiftRootfsForUnprivileged(lxcName); err != nil {
 		_ = m.cleanupContainerStorage(lxcName)
+		config.RemoveContainer(id)
 		return err
 	}
 
@@ -441,13 +473,13 @@ IPv6AcceptRA=no
 // preconfigureSSH installs and configures SSH directly in the rootfs before first boot.
 func (m *Manager) preconfigureSSH(rootfsPath, password, templateID string) error {
 	_ = templateID
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 120*time.Second)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 180*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 	cmd := m.rootfsCommand(rootfsPath, "sh", "-c", sshSetupScript(password, false))
 	cmd = exec.CommandContext(ctx, cmd.Path, cmd.Args[1:]...)
 	output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
 	if ctx.Err() == context.DeadlineExceeded {
-		return fmt.Errorf("timed out after 120s, output: %s", string(output))
+		return fmt.Errorf("timed out after 180s, output: %s", string(output))
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%v, output: %s", err, string(output))
@@ -967,6 +999,16 @@ func (m *Manager) shiftRootfsForUnprivileged(lxcName string) error {
 	if _, err := os.Stat(marker); err == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
+	m.unmountRootfsChildMounts(rootfsPath)
+	rootInfo, err := os.Lstat(rootfsPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	rootStat, ok := rootInfo.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read rootfs device for %s", rootfsPath)
+	}
+	rootDev := rootStat.Dev
 
 	if err := filepath.WalkDir(rootfsPath, func(path string, _ os.DirEntry, walkErr error) error {
 		if walkErr != nil {
@@ -980,6 +1022,12 @@ func (m *Manager) shiftRootfsForUnprivileged(lxcName string) error {
 		if !ok {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read uid/gid for %s", path)
 		}
+		if path != rootfsPath && stat.Dev != rootDev {
+			if info.IsDir() {
+				return filepath.SkipDir
+			}
+			return nil
+		}
 		uid := int(stat.Uid)
 		gid := int(stat.Gid)
 		if uid >= uidBase && uid < uidBase+65536 && gid >= gidBase && gid < gidBase+65536 {
@@ -1014,6 +1062,34 @@ func (m *Manager) shiftRootfsForUnprivileged(lxcName string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (m *Manager) unmountRootfsChildMounts(rootfsPath string) {
+	rootAbs, err := filepath.Abs(rootfsPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	out, err := exec.Command("findmnt", "-R", "-n", "-o", "TARGET", rootfsPath).Output()
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	targets := strings.Split(strings.TrimSpace(string(out)), "\n")
+	for i, j := 0, len(targets)-1; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
+		targets[i], targets[j] = targets[j], targets[i]
+	}
+	for _, target := range targets {
+		target = strings.TrimSpace(target)
+		if target == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		targetAbs, err := filepath.Abs(target)
+		if err != nil || targetAbs == rootAbs {
+			continue
+		}
+		if strings.HasPrefix(targetAbs, rootAbs+string(os.PathSeparator)) {
+			exec.Command("umount", "-R", "-l", targetAbs).Run()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func (m *Manager) rootfsShifted(lxcName string) bool {
 	marker := filepath.Join(m.LxcPath, lxcName, "rootfs", ".clicd-unprivileged-shifted")
 	_, err := os.Stat(marker)
@@ -1411,6 +1487,9 @@ func (m *Manager) DestroyContainer(id int) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("container not found: %d", id)
 	}
 	lxcName := c.LxcName()
+	if c.IPv6 != "" && c.IPv6Interface != "" {
+		removeHostIPv6Routing(c.IPv6, c.IPv6Interface)
+	}
 
 	if err := m.StopContainer(id); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to stop container before destroy: %v", err)
@@ -1458,6 +1537,19 @@ func (m *Manager) DestroyContainer(id int) error {
 		}
 		return fmt.Errorf("container still exists after cleanup with status %s", status)
 	}
+	// Remove snapshot physical files (by container ID, not lxcName)
+	snapshotDir := filepath.Join(snapshotBaseDir(), strconv.Itoa(id))
+	if err := safePathUnder(snapshotDir, snapshotBaseDir()); err == nil {
+		os.RemoveAll(snapshotDir)
+	}
+
+	// Also remove any legacy snapshot dir that used lxcName
+	legacySnapshotDir := filepath.Join(snapshotBaseDir(), lxcName)
+	if legacySnapshotDir != snapshotDir {
+		if err := safePathUnder(legacySnapshotDir, snapshotBaseDir()); err == nil {
+			os.RemoveAll(legacySnapshotDir)
+		}
+	}
 
 	if !config.RemoveContainer(id) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("container destroyed but config entry was not removed: %d", id)
@@ -1493,12 +1585,12 @@ func (m *Manager) EnsureSSH(id int) error {
 
 	script := sshSetupScript(c.SSHPassword, true)
 
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 90*time.Second)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 180*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "lxc-attach", "-n", lxcName, "--", "sh", "-c", script)
 	output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
 	if ctx.Err() == context.DeadlineExceeded {
-		return fmt.Errorf("timed out configuring SSH in container %d after 90s; package manager or service startup may be stuck, output: %s", id, string(output))
+		return fmt.Errorf("timed out configuring SSH in container %d after 180s; package manager or service startup may be stuck, output: %s", id, string(output))
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to configure SSH in container %d: %v, output: %s", id, err, string(output))
@@ -1606,7 +1698,10 @@ install_sshd() {
 			sleep 3
 		done
 	elif command -v apk >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-		run_timeout 60 apk add --no-cache openssh-server openssh-client shadow iproute2 procps net-tools && return 0
+		for i in 1 2 3; do
+			run_timeout 120 apk add --no-cache openssh-server openssh-client shadow iproute2 procps net-tools && return 0
+			sleep 3
+		done
 	elif command -v pacman >/dev/null 2>&1; then
 		run_timeout 45 pacman -Syu --noconfirm >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
 		run_timeout 90 pacman -S --noconfirm openssh shadow iproute2 procps-ng net-tools && return 0
@@ -1901,6 +1996,9 @@ func (m *Manager) GetContainerIP(lxcName string) (string, error) {
 func (m *Manager) ListContainers() ([]config.Container, error) {
 	containers := config.AppConfig.Containers
 	for i := range containers {
+		if containers[i].IsKVM() {
+			continue
+		}
 		status, err := m.GetContainerStatus(containers[i].LxcName())
 		if err == nil {
 			containers[i].Status = status
@@ -1915,6 +2013,107 @@ func (m *Manager) ListContainers() ([]config.Container, error) {
 	return containers, nil
 }
 
+// ImportExistingClicdContainers imports existing LXC containers into the CLICD
+// config. Native CLICD containers keep ct-{id}; arbitrary LXC names are stored
+// in Container.LXCName so Web and CLI can manage the same imported container.
+func (m *Manager) ImportExistingClicdContainers() ([]config.Container, error) {
+	entries, err := os.ReadDir(m.LxcPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	existingIDs := make(map[int]bool)
+	existingNames := make(map[string]bool)
+	existingLXCNames := make(map[string]bool)
+	maxID := config.AppConfig.NextContainerID - 1
+	for _, c := range config.AppConfig.Containers {
+		existingIDs[c.ID] = true
+		existingNames[c.Name] = true
+		existingLXCNames[c.LxcName()] = true
+		if c.ID > maxID {
+			maxID = c.ID
+		}
+	}
+
+	re := regexp.MustCompile(`^ct-([0-9]+)$`)
+	imported := make([]config.Container, 0)
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		if !entry.IsDir() {
+			continue
+		}
+		lxcName := entry.Name()
+		if existingLXCNames[lxcName] {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		id := 0
+		if matches := re.FindStringSubmatch(lxcName); len(matches) == 2 {
+			if parsed, err := strconv.Atoi(matches[1]); err == nil && parsed > 0 && !existingIDs[parsed] {
+				id = parsed
+			}
+		}
+		if id == 0 {
+			id = maxID + 1
+			for existingIDs[id] {
+				id++
+			}
+		}
+
+		name := lxcName
+		if existingNames[name] {
+			name = fmt.Sprintf("imported-%d", id)
+		}
+
+		status, err := m.GetContainerStatus(lxcName)
+		if err != nil || status == "" {
+			status = "unknown"
+		}
+
+		c := config.Container{
+			ID:               id,
+			UUID:             config.NewContainerUUID(),
+			Name:             name,
+			LXCName:          lxcName,
+			Virtualization:   config.VirtualizationLXC,
+			Template:         "imported",
+			VCPU:             1,
+			RAMMB:            512,
+			DiskGB:           10,
+			NetworkBWMbps:    100,
+			MonthlyTrafficGB: 1000,
+			TrafficMode:      "total",
+			Status:           status,
+			CreatedAt:        time.Now().Format(time.RFC3339),
+			PortMappingLimit: 2,
+			SnapshotLimit:    config.DefaultSnapshotLimit,
+		}
+
+		if status == "running" {
+			if ip, err := m.GetContainerIP(lxcName); err == nil {
+				c.IP = ip
+			}
+		}
+
+		config.AppConfig.Containers = append(config.AppConfig.Containers, c)
+		imported = append(imported, c)
+		existingIDs[id] = true
+		existingNames[name] = true
+		existingLXCNames[lxcName] = true
+		if id > maxID {
+			maxID = id
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(imported) > 0 {
+		config.AppConfig.NextContainerID = maxID + 1
+		if err := config.SaveConfig(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return imported, nil
+}
+
 // ReinstallContainer reinstalls the container OS
 func (m *Manager) ReinstallContainer(id int, templateID string) error {
 	c := config.FindContainer(id)
@@ -1989,6 +2188,11 @@ func (m *Manager) ReinstallContainer(id int, templateID string) error {
 	// Set root password and pre-configure network/SSH via chroot.
 	rootfsPath := filepath.Join(m.LxcPath, lxcName, "rootfs")
 	m.preconfigureNetwork(rootfsPath, templateID)
+	if c.IPv6 != "" {
+		if err := installContainerIPv6Init(rootfsPath, c.IPv6); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("Warning: failed to install IPv6 init in %s after reinstall: %v\n", lxcName, err)
+		}
+	}
 	if c.SSHPassword == "" {
 		c.SSHPassword = generateRandomString(16)
 	}
@@ -2004,6 +2208,7 @@ func (m *Manager) ReinstallContainer(id int, templateID string) error {
 
 	// Update template and keep everything else the same
 	c.Template = templateID
+	c.SSHHostKey = ""
 	c.Status = "running"
 	config.SaveConfig()
 
@@ -2119,10 +2324,38 @@ func (m *Manager) getContainerNetworkBytes(lxcName string) (uint64, uint64) {
 	if pid == "" {
 		return 0, 0
 	}
-	dir := fmt.Sprintf("/proc/%s/net", pid)
-	rx := readIntCommand(fmt.Sprintf("cat %s/dev 2>/dev/null | awk '{rx+=$2; tx+=$10} END {print rx}' || echo 0", shellQuote(dir)))
-	tx := readIntCommand(fmt.Sprintf("cat %s/dev 2>/dev/null | awk '{rx+=$2; tx+=$10} END {print tx}' || echo 0", shellQuote(dir)))
-	return uint64(rx), uint64(tx)
+	return readProcNetDev(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/%s/net/dev", pid))
+}
+
+// readProcNetDev parses /proc/PID/net/dev directly (no shell/awk fork).
+func readProcNetDev(path string) (uint64, uint64) {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, 0
+	}
+	var rx, tx uint64
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(strings.NewReader(string(data)))
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+		// Skip header lines
+		if strings.Contains(line, "|") || strings.Contains(line, "face") || strings.TrimSpace(line) == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		fields := strings.Fields(line)
+		// Fields: face | rx_bytes rx_packets rx_errs rx_drop rx_fifo rx_frame rx_compressed rx_multicast | tx_bytes tx_packets tx_errs tx_drop tx_fifo tx_colls tx_carrier tx_compressed
+		// Skip loopback (face starts with "lo")
+		if len(fields) < 10 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if strings.HasPrefix(fields[0], "lo") {
+			continue
+		}
+		r, _ := strconv.ParseUint(fields[1], 10, 64)
+		t, _ := strconv.ParseUint(fields[9], 10, 64)
+		rx += r
+		tx += t
+	}
+	return rx, tx
 }
 
 func (m *Manager) getContainerDiskIOBytes(lxcName string) (uint64, uint64) {
@@ -2130,10 +2363,22 @@ func (m *Manager) getContainerDiskIOBytes(lxcName string) (uint64, uint64) {
 	if pid == "" {
 		return 0, 0
 	}
-	// /proc/PID/io format: "field_name: value" per line
-	// Fields: rchar, wchar, syscr, syscw, read_bytes, write_bytes, cancelled_write_bytes
-	readBytes := uint64(readIntCommand(fmt.Sprintf("awk '/^read_bytes:/ {print $2}' /proc/%s/io 2>/dev/null || echo 0", pid)))
-	writeBytes := uint64(readIntCommand(fmt.Sprintf("awk '/^write_bytes:/ {print $2}' /proc/%s/io 2>/dev/null || echo 0", pid)))
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/%s/io", pid))
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, 0
+	}
+	var readBytes, writeBytes uint64
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(strings.NewReader(string(data)))
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+		if strings.HasPrefix(line, "read_bytes:") {
+			val := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(line, "read_bytes:"))
+			readBytes, _ = strconv.ParseUint(val, 10, 64)
+		} else if strings.HasPrefix(line, "write_bytes:") {
+			val := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(line, "write_bytes:"))
+			writeBytes, _ = strconv.ParseUint(val, 10, 64)
+		}
+	}
 	return readBytes, writeBytes
 }
 
@@ -2146,6 +2391,73 @@ func (m *Manager) getContainerInitPID(lxcName string) string {
 	return strings.TrimSpace(string(out))
 }
 
+// readCgroupFile tries each path template in order, reads the file directly (no shell),
+// and returns the first valid int64 value.
+func readCgroupFile(name string, paths ...string) int64 {
+	for _, tmpl := range paths {
+		data, err := os.ReadFile(fmt.Sprintf(tmpl, name))
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		val, err := strconv.ParseInt(strings.TrimSpace(string(data)), 10, 64)
+		if err == nil && val > 0 {
+			return val
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// readCgroupCPUUsec tries each path template, reads cpu.stat, and extracts usage_usec.
+func readCgroupCPUUsec(name string, paths ...string) uint64 {
+	for _, tmpl := range paths {
+		data, err := os.ReadFile(fmt.Sprintf(tmpl, name))
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(strings.NewReader(string(data)))
+		for scanner.Scan() {
+			line := scanner.Text()
+			if strings.HasPrefix(line, "usage_usec ") {
+				val, err := strconv.ParseUint(strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(line, "usage_usec")), 10, 64)
+				if err == nil {
+					return val
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// getNetworkBytesForPID reads /proc/PID/net/dev for a given PID (no lxc-info needed).
+func getNetworkBytesForPID(pid string) (uint64, uint64) {
+	if pid == "" {
+		return 0, 0
+	}
+	return readProcNetDev(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/%s/net/dev", pid))
+}
+
+// getDiskIOBytesForPID reads /proc/PID/io for a given PID (no lxc-info needed).
+func getDiskIOBytesForPID(pid string) (uint64, uint64) {
+	if pid == "" {
+		return 0, 0
+	}
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/%s/io", pid))
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, 0
+	}
+	var readBytes, writeBytes uint64
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(strings.NewReader(string(data)))
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+		if strings.HasPrefix(line, "read_bytes:") {
+			readBytes, _ = strconv.ParseUint(strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(line, "read_bytes:")), 10, 64)
+		} else if strings.HasPrefix(line, "write_bytes:") {
+			writeBytes, _ = strconv.ParseUint(strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(line, "write_bytes:")), 10, 64)
+		}
+	}
+	return readBytes, writeBytes
+}
+
 // getContainerUptimeSeconds returns how long the container has been running (in seconds).
 func (m *Manager) getContainerUptimeSeconds(lxcName string) float64 {
 	pid := m.getContainerInitPID(lxcName)
@@ -2273,6 +2585,7 @@ func (m *Manager) AccumulateTraffic() {
 	lastTrafficSnapshotMu.Lock()
 	defer lastTrafficSnapshotMu.Unlock()
 
+	changed := false
 	for i := range config.AppConfig.Containers {
 		c := &config.AppConfig.Containers[i]
 		if c.Status != "running" {
@@ -2280,23 +2593,34 @@ func (m *Manager) AccumulateTraffic() {
 			delete(lastTrafficSnapshot, c.LxcName())
 			continue
 		}
+		if c.IsKVM() {
+			continue
+		}
 		// Reset if new month
 		if c.TrafficResetDate != currentMonth {
 			c.TrafficUsedRX = 0
 			c.TrafficUsedTX = 0
 			c.TrafficResetDate = currentMonth
 			delete(lastTrafficSnapshot, c.LxcName())
+			changed = true
 		}
 		rx, tx := m.getContainerNetworkBytes(c.LxcName())
 		prev, exists := lastTrafficSnapshot[c.LxcName()]
 		// Only add the DELTA (increment since last snapshot)
 		if exists && rx >= prev.RXBytes && tx >= prev.TXBytes {
-			c.TrafficUsedRX += int64(rx - prev.RXBytes)
-			c.TrafficUsedTX += int64(tx - prev.TXBytes)
+			deltaRX := int64(rx - prev.RXBytes)
+			deltaTX := int64(tx - prev.TXBytes)
+			if deltaRX > 0 || deltaTX > 0 {
+				c.TrafficUsedRX += deltaRX
+				c.TrafficUsedTX += deltaTX
+				changed = true
+			}
 		}
 		lastTrafficSnapshot[c.LxcName()] = trafficSample{RXBytes: rx, TXBytes: tx}
 	}
-	config.SaveConfig()
+	if changed {
+		config.SaveConfig()
+	}
 }
 
 // GetTrafficInfo returns traffic usage info for a container

backend/internal/lxc/portmap.go

@@ -18,8 +18,14 @@ func (m *Manager) ApplyPortMappings(id int) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("container has no IP")
 	}
 	tag := clicdTag(id)
+	bridge := "lxcbr0"
+	subnet := "10.0.3.0/24"
+	if c.IsKVM() {
+		bridge = "virbr0"
+		subnet = "192.168.122.0/24"
+	}
 
-	EnsureForwardRules()
+	EnsureForwardRules(bridge)
 	m.CleanPortMappings(id)
 
 	for _, pm := range c.PortMappings {
@@ -41,8 +47,8 @@ func (m *Manager) ApplyPortMappings(id int) error {
 		fmt.Printf("Port mapping: host:%d -> %s:%d\n", pm.HostPort, c.IP, pm.ContainerPort)
 	}
 
-	if exec.Command("iptables", "-t", "nat", "-C", "POSTROUTING", "-s", "10.0.3.0/24", "-o", "eth+", "-j", "MASQUERADE").Run() != nil {
-		exec.Command("iptables", "-t", "nat", "-I", "POSTROUTING", "1", "-s", "10.0.3.0/24", "-o", "eth+", "-j", "MASQUERADE").Run()
+	if exec.Command("iptables", "-t", "nat", "-C", "POSTROUTING", "-s", subnet, "-o", "eth+", "-j", "MASQUERADE").Run() != nil {
+		exec.Command("iptables", "-t", "nat", "-I", "POSTROUTING", "1", "-s", subnet, "-o", "eth+", "-j", "MASQUERADE").Run()
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -50,18 +56,25 @@ func (m *Manager) ApplyPortMappings(id int) error {
 
 func clicdTag(id int) string { return "c" + strconv.Itoa(id) }
 
-// EnsureForwardRules makes sure iptables FORWARD chain allows LXC bridge traffic
-func EnsureForwardRules() {
+// EnsureForwardRules makes sure iptables FORWARD chain allows bridge traffic.
+func EnsureForwardRules(bridge string) {
+	if bridge == "" {
+		bridge = "lxcbr0"
+	}
 	rules := [][]string{
-		{"-A", "FORWARD", "-i", "lxcbr0", "-j", "ACCEPT"},
-		{"-A", "FORWARD", "-o", "lxcbr0", "-j", "ACCEPT"},
-		{"-A", "FORWARD", "-i", "lxcbr0", "-o", "lxcbr0", "-j", "ACCEPT"},
+		{"-i", bridge, "-j", "ACCEPT"},
+		{"-o", bridge, "-j", "ACCEPT"},
+		{"-i", bridge, "-o", bridge, "-j", "ACCEPT"},
 	}
 	for _, args := range rules {
-		checkArgs := append([]string{"-C", "FORWARD"}, args[2:]...)
-		if exec.Command("iptables", checkArgs...).Run() != nil {
-			exec.Command("iptables", args...).Run()
+		for {
+			deleteArgs := append([]string{"-D", "FORWARD"}, args...)
+			if exec.Command("iptables", deleteArgs...).Run() != nil {
+				break
+			}
 		}
+		insertArgs := append([]string{"-I", "FORWARD", "1"}, args...)
+		exec.Command("iptables", insertArgs...).Run()
 	}
 }
 

backend/internal/lxc/snapshot.go

@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+package lxc
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"sort"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"clicd/internal/config"
+)
+
+var snapshotMu sync.Mutex
+
+func (m *Manager) CreateSnapshot(id int, createdBy string, scheduled bool, rotateLimit int) (config.Snapshot, error) {
+	snapshotMu.Lock()
+	defer snapshotMu.Unlock()
+
+	c := config.FindContainer(id)
+	if c == nil {
+		return config.Snapshot{}, fmt.Errorf("container not found: %d", id)
+	}
+	if scheduled && rotateLimit > 0 {
+		for {
+			existing := config.ContainerSnapshots(id)
+			if len(existing) < rotateLimit {
+				break
+			}
+			sortSnapshotsOldestFirst(existing)
+			if err := m.deleteSnapshotLocked(existing[0]); err != nil {
+				return config.Snapshot{}, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	lxcName := c.LxcName()
+	containerDir := filepath.Join(m.LxcPath, lxcName)
+	if _, err := os.Stat(containerDir); err != nil {
+		return config.Snapshot{}, fmt.Errorf("container storage not found: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	snapshotID := fmt.Sprintf("snap-%d-%s", id, now.Format("20060102150405-000000000"))
+	// Use container ID instead of lxcName to avoid collision when containers are recreated
+	snapshotDir := filepath.Join(snapshotBaseDir(), strconv.Itoa(id), snapshotID)
+	if err := safePathUnder(snapshotDir, snapshotBaseDir()); err != nil {
+		return config.Snapshot{}, err
+	}
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(snapshotDir, 0700); err != nil {
+		return config.Snapshot{}, err
+	}
+
+	wasRunning, err := m.prepareContainerForColdCopy(id, lxcName, containerDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		os.RemoveAll(snapshotDir)
+		return config.Snapshot{}, err
+	}
+	if wasRunning {
+		defer func() {
+			if err := m.StartContainer(id); err != nil {
+				fmt.Printf("Warning: failed to restart %s after snapshot: %v\n", lxcName, err)
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
+	if err := copyTree(containerDir, snapshotDir); err != nil {
+		os.RemoveAll(snapshotDir)
+		return config.Snapshot{}, err
+	}
+
+	snapshot := config.Snapshot{
+		ID:            snapshotID,
+		ContainerID:   c.ID,
+		ContainerName: c.Name,
+		LXCName:       lxcName,
+		CreatedAt:     now.Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05"),
+		CreatedBy:     createdBy,
+		Scheduled:     scheduled,
+		Path:          snapshotDir,
+		SizeBytes:     dirSizeBytes(snapshotDir),
+	}
+	config.AddSnapshot(snapshot)
+	return snapshot, nil
+}
+
+func (m *Manager) DeleteSnapshot(id string) error {
+	snapshotMu.Lock()
+	defer snapshotMu.Unlock()
+
+	snapshot := config.FindSnapshot(id)
+	if snapshot == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("snapshot not found: %s", id)
+	}
+	return m.deleteSnapshotLocked(*snapshot)
+}
+
+func (m *Manager) deleteSnapshotLocked(snapshot config.Snapshot) error {
+	if snapshot.Path != "" {
+		if err := safePathUnder(snapshot.Path, snapshotBaseDir()); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := os.RemoveAll(snapshot.Path); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete snapshot files: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+	config.RemoveSnapshot(snapshot.ID)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *Manager) RestoreSnapshot(id string) error {
+	snapshotMu.Lock()
+	defer snapshotMu.Unlock()
+
+	snapshot := config.FindSnapshot(id)
+	if snapshot == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("snapshot not found: %s", id)
+	}
+	if snapshot.Path == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("snapshot path is empty")
+	}
+	if err := safePathUnder(snapshot.Path, snapshotBaseDir()); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := os.Stat(snapshot.Path); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("snapshot files not found: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	c := config.FindContainer(snapshot.ContainerID)
+	if c == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("container not found: %d", snapshot.ContainerID)
+	}
+	lxcName := c.LxcName()
+	containerDir := filepath.Join(m.LxcPath, lxcName)
+	if err := safePathUnder(containerDir, m.LxcPath); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	wasRunning, err := m.prepareContainerForColdCopy(c.ID, lxcName, containerDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	backupDir := filepath.Join(m.LxcPath, fmt.Sprintf(".%s-restore-backup-%d", lxcName, time.Now().UnixNano()))
+	if err := safePathUnder(backupDir, m.LxcPath); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := os.Rename(containerDir, backupDir); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to move current container aside: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := copyTree(snapshot.Path, containerDir); err != nil {
+		os.RemoveAll(containerDir)
+		_ = os.Rename(backupDir, containerDir)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to restore snapshot: %v", err)
+	}
+	_ = os.RemoveAll(backupDir)
+
+	config.UpdateContainerStatus(c.ID, "stopped")
+	if wasRunning {
+		return m.StartContainer(c.ID)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *Manager) SetSnapshotSchedule(id int, enabled bool, intervalHours int, scheduleTime string, createdBy string) (*config.Container, error) {
+	c := config.FindContainer(id)
+	if c == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("container not found: %d", id)
+	}
+	if intervalHours < 24 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("snapshot schedule interval cannot be less than 24 hours")
+	}
+	if _, err := parseScheduleClock(scheduleTime); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	c.SnapshotScheduleEnabled = enabled
+	c.SnapshotScheduleIntervalHours = intervalHours
+	c.SnapshotScheduleTime = scheduleTime
+	c.SnapshotScheduleCreatedBy = createdBy
+	if enabled {
+		c.SnapshotScheduleNextRun = nextSnapshotRun(time.Now(), intervalHours, scheduleTime).Format(time.RFC3339)
+	} else {
+		c.SnapshotScheduleNextRun = ""
+	}
+	if err := config.SaveConfig(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return c, nil
+}
+
+func (m *Manager) StartSnapshotScheduler() {
+	go func() {
+		m.runDueSnapshotSchedules()
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Minute)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		for range ticker.C {
+			m.runDueSnapshotSchedules()
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+func (m *Manager) runDueSnapshotSchedules() {
+	now := time.Now()
+	containers := append([]config.Container(nil), config.AppConfig.Containers...)
+	for _, c := range containers {
+		if c.IsKVM() || !c.SnapshotScheduleEnabled {
+			continue
+		}
+		nextRun, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, c.SnapshotScheduleNextRun)
+		if err != nil || c.SnapshotScheduleNextRun == "" {
+			nextRun = now
+		}
+		if now.Before(nextRun) {
+			continue
+		}
+		createdBy := c.SnapshotScheduleCreatedBy
+		if createdBy == "" {
+			createdBy = "admin"
+		}
+		rotateLimit := 0
+		if strings.HasPrefix(createdBy, "user:") {
+			rotateLimit = config.ContainerSnapshotLimit(&c)
+		}
+		if _, err := m.CreateSnapshot(c.ID, createdBy, true, rotateLimit); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("Warning: scheduled snapshot failed for %s: %v\n", c.Name, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if current := config.FindContainer(c.ID); current != nil {
+			interval := current.SnapshotScheduleIntervalHours
+			if interval < 24 {
+				interval = 24
+			}
+			next := nextRun.Add(time.Duration(interval) * time.Hour)
+			for !next.After(now) {
+				next = next.Add(time.Duration(interval) * time.Hour)
+			}
+			current.SnapshotScheduleLastRun = now.Format(time.RFC3339)
+			current.SnapshotScheduleNextRun = next.Format(time.RFC3339)
+			config.SaveConfig()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func parseScheduleClock(value string) (time.Duration, error) {
+	parts := strings.Split(value, ":")
+	if len(parts) != 2 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("snapshot schedule time must be HH:MM")
+	}
+	hour, err := strconv.Atoi(parts[0])
+	if err != nil || hour < 0 || hour > 23 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("snapshot schedule hour must be 00-23")
+	}
+	minute, err := strconv.Atoi(parts[1])
+	if err != nil || minute < 0 || minute > 59 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("snapshot schedule minute must be 00-59")
+	}
+	return time.Duration(hour)*time.Hour + time.Duration(minute)*time.Minute, nil
+}
+
+func nextSnapshotRun(from time.Time, intervalHours int, scheduleTime string) time.Time {
+	clock, err := parseScheduleClock(scheduleTime)
+	if err != nil {
+		clock = 3 * time.Hour
+	}
+	midnight := time.Date(from.Year(), from.Month(), from.Day(), 0, 0, 0, 0, from.Location())
+	next := midnight.Add(clock)
+	interval := time.Duration(intervalHours) * time.Hour
+	for !next.After(from) {
+		next = next.Add(interval)
+	}
+	return next
+}
+
+func (m *Manager) prepareContainerForColdCopy(id int, lxcName string, containerDir string) (bool, error) {
+	status, _ := m.GetContainerStatus(lxcName)
+	wasRunning := status == "running"
+	if wasRunning {
+		if err := m.StopContainer(id); err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+		time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	} else if c := config.FindContainer(id); c != nil {
+		m.CleanPortMappings(id)
+		m.cleanupBandwidthLimit(c.LxcName())
+	}
+	rootfs := filepath.Join(containerDir, "rootfs")
+	exec.Command("umount", "-R", "-l", rootfs).Run()
+	m.detachContainerMounts(containerDir)
+	m.detachContainerLoopDevices(containerDir)
+	return wasRunning, nil
+}
+
+func snapshotBaseDir() string {
+	return filepath.Join(config.AppConfig.DataDir, "snapshots")
+}
+
+func copyTree(src string, dst string) error {
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(dst, 0700); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	output, err := exec.Command("cp", "-a", "--sparse=always", "--reflink=auto", src+string(os.PathSeparator)+".", dst+string(os.PathSeparator)).CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		output, err = exec.Command("cp", "-a", "--sparse=always", src+string(os.PathSeparator)+".", dst+string(os.PathSeparator)).CombinedOutput()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("cp failed: %v, output: %s", err, string(output))
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func dirSizeBytes(path string) int64 {
+	out, err := exec.Command("du", "-s", "-B1", path).Output()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	parts := strings.Fields(string(out))
+	if len(parts) == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	var size int64
+	fmt.Sscanf(parts[0], "%d", &size)
+	return size
+}
+
+func safePathUnder(path string, base string) error {
+	absPath, err := filepath.Abs(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	absBase, err := filepath.Abs(base)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if absPath == absBase || strings.HasPrefix(absPath, absBase+string(os.PathSeparator)) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("refusing unsafe path: %s", absPath)
+}
+
+func sortSnapshotsOldestFirst(snapshots []config.Snapshot) {
+	sort.SliceStable(snapshots, func(i, j int) bool {
+		ti, _ := time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", snapshots[i].CreatedAt)
+		tj, _ := time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", snapshots[j].CreatedAt)
+		return ti.Before(tj)
+	})
+}

backend/internal/server/server.go

@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ package server
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
+	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
 	"strings"
-	"time"
 
 	"clicd/internal/api"
 	"clicd/internal/config"
-	"clicd/internal/lxc"
 )
 
 // webFS holds embedded frontend files
@@ -18,12 +18,19 @@ var webFS http.FileSystem
 // corsMiddleware adds CORS headers
 func corsMiddleware(next http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
+		if origin := r.Header.Get("Origin"); origin != "" && isAllowedOrigin(origin, r.Host) {
+			w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", origin)
+			w.Header().Set("Vary", "Origin")
+			w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Credentials", "true")
+		}
 		w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS")
-		w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Content-Type, Authorization")
-		w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Credentials", "true")
+		w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Content-Type, Authorization, X-API-Key")
 
 		if r.Method == http.MethodOptions {
+			if origin := r.Header.Get("Origin"); origin != "" && !isAllowedOrigin(origin, r.Host) {
+				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusForbidden)
+				return
+			}
 			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
 			return
 		}
@@ -32,6 +39,34 @@ func corsMiddleware(next http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {
 	}
 }
 
+func isAllowedOrigin(origin string, requestHost string) bool {
+	u, err := url.Parse(origin)
+	if err != nil || u.Host == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	originHost := normalizeHost(u.Host)
+	host := normalizeHost(requestHost)
+	if originHost == host {
+		return true
+	}
+	return isLoopbackHost(originHost) && isLoopbackHost(host)
+}
+
+func normalizeHost(host string) string {
+	if h, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(host); err == nil {
+		return strings.ToLower(h)
+	}
+	return strings.ToLower(host)
+}
+
+func isLoopbackHost(host string) bool {
+	if host == "localhost" {
+		return true
+	}
+	ip := net.ParseIP(host)
+	return ip != nil && ip.IsLoopback()
+}
+
 // setupRoutes configures API and static routes
 func setupRoutes(mux *http.ServeMux) {
 	// API routes
@@ -50,10 +85,9 @@ func setupRoutes(mux *http.ServeMux) {
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/images/enabled", corsMiddleware(api.AuthMiddleware(api.SubUserMiddleware(api.HandleEnabledImages))))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/dashboard", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleDashboard)))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/host-info", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleHostInfo)))
+	mux.HandleFunc("/api/snapshots", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleSnapshots)))
+	mux.HandleFunc("/api/routing", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleRouting)))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/ipv6/status", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleIPv6Status)))
-	mux.HandleFunc("/api/oversell", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleOversell)))
-	mux.HandleFunc("/api/oversell/status", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleOversellStatus)))
-	mux.HandleFunc("/api/oversell/reclaim", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleOversellReclaim)))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/tasks", corsMiddleware(api.AuthMiddleware(api.SubUserMiddleware(api.HandleTasks))))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/tasks/", corsMiddleware(api.AuthMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleTaskDelete))))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/batch-create", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleBatchCreate)))
@@ -61,6 +95,8 @@ func setupRoutes(mux *http.ServeMux) {
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/sub-user/create", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleSubUserCreate)))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/sub-user/login", corsMiddleware(api.HandleSubUserLogin))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/sub-user/access", corsMiddleware(api.HandleSubUserAccessCode))
+	mux.HandleFunc("/api/sub-users", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleSubUserList)))
+	mux.HandleFunc("/api/sub-users/", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleSubUserAction)))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/audit-logs", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleAuditLogs)))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/security/alerts", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleSecurityAlerts)))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/security/check", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleSecurityCheck)))
@@ -73,6 +109,9 @@ func setupRoutes(mux *http.ServeMux) {
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/api-keys", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleApiKeys)))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/api-keys/", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleApiKeyDelete)))
 
+	// Version (public)
+	mux.HandleFunc("/api/version", corsMiddleware(api.HandleVersion))
+
 	// Static files
 	if webFS != nil {
 		fs := http.FileServer(webFS)
@@ -107,7 +146,6 @@ func setupRoutes(mux *http.ServeMux) {
 func Run() error {
 	// Use embedded frontend files
 	webFS = GetEmbeddedFS()
-	startExpiryMonitor()
 
 	mux := http.NewServeMux()
 	setupRoutes(mux)
@@ -124,15 +162,3 @@ func Run() error {
 	return server.ListenAndServe()
 }
 
-func startExpiryMonitor() {
-	manager := lxc.NewManager()
-	go func() {
-		manager.StopExpiredContainers(time.Now())
-
-		ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Minute)
-		defer ticker.Stop()
-		for now := range ticker.C {
-			manager.StopExpiredContainers(now)
-		}
-	}()
-}

backend/internal/server/web/.gitkeep

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-

backend/internal/version/version.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package version
+
+var (
+	Version = "1.0.11"
+	Repo    = "MengMengCode/CLICD"
+)
+
+func Current() string {
+	if Version == "" {
+		return "dev"
+	}
+	return Version
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+

backend/main.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"clicd/internal/api"
 	"clicd/internal/cli"
 	"clicd/internal/config"
+	"clicd/internal/kvm"
 	"clicd/internal/lxc"
 	"clicd/internal/server"
 
@@ -50,15 +51,24 @@ func main() {
 		// Start security scanner
 		api.InitScanner()
 
-		// Ensure iptables FORWARD rules allow LXC traffic
-		lxc.EnsureForwardRules()
+		// Ensure iptables FORWARD rules allow managed bridge traffic.
+		lxc.EnsureForwardRules("lxcbr0")
+		lxc.EnsureForwardRules("virbr0")
 
-		// Start expiry scanner (stops expired containers every 30s)
+		// Start expiry scanners (stops expired/over-traffic workloads every 30s)
 		manager := lxc.NewManager()
+		kvmManager := kvm.NewManager()
 		manager.StartExpiryScanner()
+		kvmManager.StartExpiryScanner()
 
-		// Start usage monitor (computes CPU/network/disk rates every 5s)
+		// Start usage monitors (computes CPU/network/disk rates every 5s)
 		manager.StartUsageMonitor()
+		kvmManager.StartUsageMonitor()
+		kvmManager.StartIPv6Guard()
+
+		// Start scheduled snapshot scanners.
+		manager.StartSnapshotScheduler()
+		kvmManager.StartSnapshotScheduler()
 
 		// Clean up stale container configs (LXC dir was deleted but config remains)
 		config.CleanStaleContainers()

build.sh

@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ go mod tidy
 go mod download
 
 # Build for Linux amd64
-GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -ldflags="-s -w" -o "$BUILD_DIR/clicd" .
+BUILD_VERSION="${CLICD_VERSION:-dev}"
+GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -ldflags="-s -w -X clicd/internal/version.Version=${BUILD_VERSION}" -o "$BUILD_DIR/clicd" .
 
 echo "Go backend built successfully"
 

frontend/index.html

@@ -5,8 +5,16 @@
     <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/favicon.svg" />
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
     <title>CLICD - LXC Container Manager</title>
+    <script>
+      (function() {
+        var theme = localStorage.getItem('clicd_theme');
+        if (theme === 'dark' || (!theme && window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches)) {
+          document.documentElement.classList.add('dark');
+        }
+      })();
+    </script>
   </head>
-  <body class="bg-white text-black">
+  <body class="bg-white text-black dark:bg-gray-950 dark:text-white">
     <div id="root"></div>
     <script type="module" src="/src/main.tsx"></script>
   </body>

frontend/src/App.tsx

@@ -4,12 +4,15 @@ import Login from './pages/Login'
 import Dashboard from './pages/Dashboard'
 import Containers from './pages/Containers'
 import ContainerDetail from './pages/ContainerDetail'
-import Oversell from './pages/Oversell'
+
 import Security from './pages/Security'
 import AuditLogs from './pages/AuditLogs'
 import ApiIntegration from './pages/ApiIntegration'
 import Settings from './pages/Settings'
 import ImageManagement from './pages/ImageManagement'
+import Snapshots from './pages/Snapshots'
+import Routing from './pages/Routing'
+import SubUserManagement from './pages/SubUserManagement'
 import Layout from './components/Layout'
 
 function ProtectedRoute({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
@@ -17,8 +20,8 @@ function ProtectedRoute({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
 
   if (isLoading) {
     return (
-      <div className="min-h-screen flex items-center justify-center bg-white">
-        <div className="animate-spin rounded-full h-8 w-8 border-b-2 border-black"></div>
+      <div className="min-h-screen flex items-center justify-center bg-white dark:bg-gray-950">
+        <div className="animate-spin rounded-full h-8 w-8 border-b-2 border-black dark:border-white"></div>
       </div>
     )
   }
@@ -55,10 +58,13 @@ function App() {
         <Route path="containers" element={<Containers />} />
         <Route path="images" element={<ImageManagement />} />
         <Route path="container/:id" element={<ContainerDetail />} />
-        <Route path="oversell" element={<Oversell />} />
+
         <Route path="security" element={<Security />} />
+        <Route path="snapshots" element={<Snapshots />} />
+        <Route path="routing" element={<Routing />} />
         <Route path="audit-logs" element={<AuditLogs />} />
         <Route path="api-integration" element={<ApiIntegration />} />
+        <Route path="sub-users" element={<SubUserManagement />} />
         <Route path="settings" element={<Settings />} />
       </Route>
       <Route path="*" element={<Navigate to="/" replace />} />

frontend/src/components/CreateContainerModal.tsx

@@ -7,10 +7,12 @@ interface CreateContainerModalProps {
   isOpen: boolean
   onClose: () => void
   onSuccess: (containers: CreateContainerRequest[]) => void | Promise<void>
+  existingNames?: string[]
 }
 
 const defaultForm: CreateContainerRequest = {
   name: '',
+  virtualization: 'lxc',
   template_id: '',
   vcpu: 1,
   cpu_percent: 100,
@@ -24,11 +26,12 @@ const defaultForm: CreateContainerRequest = {
   io_speed_mbps: 0,
   extra_ports: [],
   port_mapping_count: 2,
+  snapshot_limit: 1,
   assign_ipv6: false,
   expires_at: '',
 }
 
-export default function CreateContainerModal({ isOpen, onClose, onSuccess }: CreateContainerModalProps) {
+export default function CreateContainerModal({ isOpen, onClose, onSuccess, existingNames = [] }: CreateContainerModalProps) {
   const dialog = useDialog()
   const [templates, setTemplates] = useState<Template[]>([])
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false)
@@ -36,17 +39,16 @@ export default function CreateContainerModal({ isOpen, onClose, onSuccess }: Cre
   const [form, setForm] = useState<CreateContainerRequest>(defaultForm)
   const [hostInfo, setHostInfo] = useState<HostInfo | null>(null)
   const [ipv6Status, setIPv6Status] = useState<IPv6Status | null>(null)
+  const [nameError, setNameError] = useState('')
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!isOpen) return
 
-    getEnabledImages()
+    getEnabledImages(form.virtualization)
       .then((res) => {
         const data = res.data.data || []
         setTemplates(data)
-        if (data.length > 0) {
-          setForm((prev) => ({ ...prev, template_id: prev.template_id || data[0].id }))
-        }
+        setForm((prev) => ({ ...prev, template_id: data.some((item) => item.id === prev.template_id) ? prev.template_id : (data[0]?.id || '') }))
       })
       .catch(console.error)
 
@@ -66,13 +68,14 @@ export default function CreateContainerModal({ isOpen, onClose, onSuccess }: Cre
     getHostInfo()
       .then((res) => setHostInfo(res.data.data || null))
       .catch(() => setHostInfo(null))
-  }, [isOpen])
+  }, [isOpen, form.virtualization])
 
   const ipv6Available = !!ipv6Status?.available
   const ipv6Prefix = ipv6Status?.prefixes?.[0]?.prefix || ''
   const maxVCPU = hostInfo?.cpu.cores || 64
   const maxRAMMB = hostInfo?.ram.total_mb ? Number(hostInfo.ram.total_mb) : undefined
   const maxDiskGB = hostInfo?.disk.total_gb ? Math.max(1, Math.floor(hostInfo.disk.total_gb)) : undefined
+  const resourceErrors = validateResourceInputs(form, maxVCPU, maxRAMMB, maxDiskGB)
 
   const autoPorts = useMemo(() => {
     const count = Math.max(2, form.port_mapping_count)
@@ -82,19 +85,59 @@ export default function CreateContainerModal({ isOpen, onClose, onSuccess }: Cre
   // SSH port preview (will be allocated sequentially, starting around 22000+)
   const sshPortPreview = 22000
 
+  // Find next available batch index to avoid name conflicts
+  const batchStartIndex = useMemo(() => {
+    if (batchCount <= 1 || !form.name) return 1
+    const prefix = `${form.name}-`
+    let maxIdx = 0
+    for (const existing of existingNames) {
+      if (existing.startsWith(prefix)) {
+        const suffix = existing.slice(prefix.length)
+        const idx = parseInt(suffix, 10)
+        if (!isNaN(idx) && idx > maxIdx) {
+          maxIdx = idx
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return maxIdx + 1
+  }, [form.name, batchCount, existingNames])
+
+  const handleNameChange = (value: string) => {
+    setForm({ ...form, name: value })
+    if (/\s/.test(value)) {
+      setNameError('容器名称不能包含空格')
+    } else if (value && existingNames.includes(value) && batchCount === 1) {
+      setNameError('该容器名称已存在')
+    } else {
+      setNameError('')
+    }
+  }
+
   const handleSubmit = async () => {
     if (!form.name || !form.template_id) {
       dialog.alert('提示', '请填写容器名称并选择系统模板')
       return
     }
 
-    const boundedForm = clampCreateForm(form, maxVCPU, maxRAMMB, maxDiskGB)
+    if (Object.keys(resourceErrors).length > 0) {
+      dialog.alert('资源配置有误', '请按红色提示修改 vCPU、内存或磁盘配置')
+      return
+    }
+
+    const boundedForm = normalizeCreateForm(form)
 
     // Build batch of containers
     const containers: CreateContainerRequest[] = []
+    const startIndex = batchStartIndex
     for (let i = 0; i < batchCount; i++) {
-      const name = batchCount > 1 ? `${boundedForm.name}-${i + 1}` : boundedForm.name
-      containers.push({ ...boundedForm, name, port_mapping_count: Math.max(2, boundedForm.port_mapping_count || 2), extra_ports: [] })
+      const name = batchCount > 1 ? `${boundedForm.name}-${startIndex + i}` : boundedForm.name
+      containers.push({
+        ...boundedForm,
+        name,
+        port_mapping_count: Math.max(2, boundedForm.port_mapping_count || 2),
+        snapshot_limit: Math.max(1, boundedForm.snapshot_limit || 3),
+        extra_ports: [],
+      })
     }
 
     setLoading(true)
@@ -130,22 +173,42 @@ export default function CreateContainerModal({ isOpen, onClose, onSuccess }: Cre
               <input
                 type="text"
                 value={form.name}
-                onChange={(event) => setForm({ ...form, name: event.target.value })}
-                className={inputClass}
+                onChange={(event) => handleNameChange(event.target.value)}
+                className={`${inputClass} ${nameError ? 'border-red-400 focus:ring-red-400 focus:border-red-400' : ''}`}
                 placeholder="my-container"
                 required
               />
+              {nameError && <p className="text-xs text-red-500 mt-1">{nameError}</p>}
             </Field>
             <Field label="批量创建数量">
               <NumberInput value={batchCount} min={1} max={50} onChange={(value) => setBatchCount(Math.max(1, value || 1))} />
             </Field>
           </div>
-          {batchCount > 1 && <p className="text-xs text-gray-400">将创建 {batchCount} 个容器：{form.name}-1 至 {form.name}-{batchCount}</p>}
+          {batchCount > 1 && <p className="text-xs text-gray-400">将创建 {batchCount} 个容器：{form.name}-{batchStartIndex} 至 {form.name}-{batchStartIndex + batchCount - 1}</p>}
+
+          <Field label="虚拟化架构">
+            <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-2">
+              <button
+                type="button"
+                onClick={() => setForm((prev) => ({ ...prev, virtualization: 'lxc', template_id: '' }))}
+                className={`rounded-md border px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium transition-colors ${form.virtualization === 'lxc' ? 'border-black bg-black text-white' : 'border-gray-300 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50'}`}
+              >
+                LXC 容器
+              </button>
+              <button
+                type="button"
+                onClick={() => setForm((prev) => ({ ...prev, virtualization: 'kvm', template_id: '' }))}
+                className={`rounded-md border px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium transition-colors ${form.virtualization === 'kvm' ? 'border-black bg-black text-white' : 'border-gray-300 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50'}`}
+              >
+                KVM 虚拟机
+              </button>
+            </div>
+          </Field>
 
           <Field label="系统模板">
             {templates.length === 0 ? (
               <div className="text-sm text-amber-600 bg-amber-50 border border-amber-200 rounded-md px-3 py-2">
-                暂无可用的系统镜像，请先在「镜像管理」中下载镜像模板。
+                暂无可用的{form.virtualization === 'kvm' ? ' KVM' : ' LXC'}系统镜像，请先在「镜像管理」中下载镜像模板。
               </div>
             ) : (
             <select
@@ -180,16 +243,39 @@ export default function CreateContainerModal({ isOpen, onClose, onSuccess }: Cre
 
           <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4">
             <Field label="vCPU">
-              <NumberInput value={form.vcpu} min={0.25} max={maxVCPU} step={0.25} onChange={(value) => setForm({ ...form, vcpu: clampVCPU(value, maxVCPU) })} />
+              <NumberInput
+                value={form.vcpu}
+                min={form.virtualization === 'kvm' ? 1 : 0.25}
+                max={maxVCPU}
+                step={form.virtualization === 'kvm' ? 1 : 0.25}
+                invalid={!!resourceErrors.vcpu}
+                onChange={(value) => setForm({ ...form, vcpu: value })}
+              />
+              {resourceErrors.vcpu && <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-red-500">{resourceErrors.vcpu}</p>}
             </Field>
             <Field label="内存 (MB)">
-              <NumberInput value={form.ram_mb} min={128} max={maxRAMMB} step={128} onChange={(value) => setForm({ ...form, ram_mb: clampInt(value, 128, maxRAMMB, 512) })} />
+              <NumberInput
+                value={form.ram_mb}
+                min={128}
+                max={maxRAMMB}
+                step={128}
+                invalid={!!resourceErrors.ram_mb}
+                onChange={(value) => setForm({ ...form, ram_mb: value })}
+              />
+              {resourceErrors.ram_mb && <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-red-500">{resourceErrors.ram_mb}</p>}
             </Field>
           </div>
 
           <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-3">
             <Field label="磁盘 (GB)">
-              <NumberInput value={form.disk_gb} min={1} max={maxDiskGB} onChange={(value) => setForm({ ...form, disk_gb: clampInt(value, 1, maxDiskGB, 10) })} />
+              <NumberInput
+                value={form.disk_gb}
+                min={1}
+                max={maxDiskGB}
+                invalid={!!resourceErrors.disk_gb}
+                onChange={(value) => setForm({ ...form, disk_gb: value })}
+              />
+              {resourceErrors.disk_gb && <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-red-500">{resourceErrors.disk_gb}</p>}
             </Field>
             <Field label="带宽 (Mbps)">
               <NumberInput value={form.network_bw_mbps} min={0} onChange={(value) => setForm({ ...form, network_bw_mbps: value })} />
@@ -248,6 +334,15 @@ export default function CreateContainerModal({ isOpen, onClose, onSuccess }: Cre
             </div>
           </Field>
 
+          <Field label="子用户快照上限">
+            <NumberInput
+              value={form.snapshot_limit}
+              min={1}
+              max={999}
+              onChange={(value) => setForm({ ...form, snapshot_limit: Math.max(1, Math.round(value || 1)) })}
+            />
+          </Field>
+
           <Field label="到期时间">
             <div className="relative">
               <CalendarClock className="absolute left-3 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 w-4 h-4 text-gray-400" />
@@ -294,43 +389,96 @@ function NumberInput({
   min,
   max,
   step,
+  invalid,
   onChange,
 }: {
   value: number
   min?: number
   max?: number
   step?: number
+  invalid?: boolean
   onChange: (value: number) => void
 }) {
+  const [draft, setDraft] = useState(Number.isFinite(value) ? String(value) : '')
+  const [focused, setFocused] = useState(false)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!focused) {
+      setDraft(Number.isFinite(value) ? String(value) : '')
+    }
+  }, [focused, value])
+
   return (
     <input
-      type="number"
-      value={value}
-      min={min}
-      max={max}
-      step={step}
+      type="text"
+      inputMode={step && !Number.isInteger(step) ? 'decimal' : 'numeric'}
+      value={draft}
+      onFocus={() => setFocused(true)}
+      onBlur={() => {
+        setFocused(false)
+        setDraft(Number.isFinite(value) ? String(value) : '')
+      }}
       onChange={(event) => {
         const raw = event.target.value
-        const value = step && !Number.isInteger(step) ? parseFloat(raw) : parseInt(raw, 10)
-        onChange(value)
+        setDraft(raw)
+        const next = step && !Number.isInteger(step) ? parseFloat(raw) : parseInt(raw, 10)
+        onChange(next)
       }}
-      className={inputClass}
+      aria-invalid={invalid || undefined}
+      data-min={min}
+      data-max={max}
+      data-step={step}
+      className={`${inputClass} ${invalid ? 'border-red-400 focus:border-red-400 focus:ring-red-400' : ''}`}
     />
   )
 }
 
-function clampCreateForm(form: CreateContainerRequest, maxVCPU: number, maxRAMMB?: number, maxDiskGB?: number): CreateContainerRequest {
+function validateResourceInputs(form: CreateContainerRequest, maxVCPU: number, maxRAMMB?: number, maxDiskGB?: number) {
+  const errors: Partial<Record<'vcpu' | 'ram_mb' | 'disk_gb', string>> = {}
+  const minVCPU = form.virtualization === 'kvm' ? 1 : 0.25
+
+  if (!Number.isFinite(form.vcpu)) {
+    errors.vcpu = '请输入 vCPU'
+  } else if (form.vcpu < minVCPU) {
+    errors.vcpu = `不能小于 ${minVCPU} 核`
+  } else if (form.vcpu > maxVCPU) {
+    errors.vcpu = `不能大于 ${maxVCPU} 核`
+  } else if (form.virtualization === 'kvm' && form.vcpu !== Math.round(form.vcpu)) {
+    errors.vcpu = 'KVM vCPU 必须是整数'
+  }
+
+  if (!Number.isFinite(form.ram_mb)) {
+    errors.ram_mb = '请输入内存'
+  } else if (form.ram_mb < 128) {
+    errors.ram_mb = '不能小于 128 MB'
+  } else if (maxRAMMB && form.ram_mb > maxRAMMB) {
+    errors.ram_mb = `不能大于 ${maxRAMMB} MB`
+  }
+
+  if (!Number.isFinite(form.disk_gb)) {
+    errors.disk_gb = '请输入磁盘'
+  } else if (form.disk_gb < 1) {
+    errors.disk_gb = '不能小于 1 GB'
+  } else if (maxDiskGB && form.disk_gb > maxDiskGB) {
+    errors.disk_gb = `不能大于 ${maxDiskGB} GB`
+  }
+
+  return errors
+}
+
+function normalizeCreateForm(form: CreateContainerRequest): CreateContainerRequest {
   return {
     ...form,
-    vcpu: clampVCPU(form.vcpu, maxVCPU),
-    ram_mb: clampInt(form.ram_mb, 128, maxRAMMB, 512),
-    disk_gb: clampInt(form.disk_gb, 1, maxDiskGB, 10),
+    vcpu: form.virtualization === 'kvm' ? Math.round(form.vcpu) : normalizeLXCvCPU(form.vcpu),
+    ram_mb: Math.round(form.ram_mb),
+    disk_gb: Math.round(form.disk_gb),
+    snapshot_limit: clampInt(form.snapshot_limit, 1, undefined, 3),
   }
 }
 
-function clampVCPU(value: number, max: number) {
+function normalizeLXCvCPU(value: number) {
   const rounded = Math.round((Number.isFinite(value) ? value : 1) * 4) / 4
-  return Number(Math.min(Math.max(rounded, 0.25), max).toFixed(2))
+  return Number(rounded.toFixed(2))
 }
 
 function clampInt(value: number, min: number, max?: number, fallback = min) {

frontend/src/components/Layout.tsx

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ export default function Layout() {
   const [sidebarCollapsed, setSidebarCollapsed] = useState(false)
 
   return (
-    <div className="min-h-screen bg-gray-50 flex">
+    <div className="min-h-screen bg-gray-50 flex dark:bg-gray-950">
       <Sidebar collapsed={sidebarCollapsed} onToggle={() => setSidebarCollapsed(!sidebarCollapsed)} />
       <main className={`flex-1 transition-all duration-300 ${sidebarCollapsed ? 'ml-16' : 'ml-60'}`}>
         <div className="p-6">

frontend/src/components/ResourceStatsPanel.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { ReactNode } from 'react'
 import { RefreshCw } from 'lucide-react'
+import { useTheme } from '../contexts/ThemeContext'
 
 export type StatsRangeKey = '30m' | '1h' | '1d' | '1w'
 
@@ -45,17 +46,19 @@ export default function ResourceStatsPanel({
   charts: ResourceChartConfig[]
 }) {
   return (
-    <section className="border border-gray-200 rounded-lg bg-white overflow-hidden">
-      <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 px-4 py-2.5 border-b border-gray-200 bg-white">
-        <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-gray-950">统计信息</h2>
+    <section className="border border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 rounded-lg bg-white dark:bg-gray-900 overflow-hidden">
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 px-4 py-2.5 border-b border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 bg-white dark:bg-gray-900">
+        <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-gray-950 dark:text-white">统计信息</h2>
         <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
-          <div className="inline-flex rounded border border-gray-200 bg-gray-50 p-0.5">
+          <div className="inline-flex rounded border border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-gray-800 p-0.5">
             {(Object.keys(rangeLabels) as StatsRangeKey[]).map((item) => (
               <button
                 key={item}
                 onClick={() => onRangeChange(item)}
                 className={`h-7 px-3 rounded text-xs font-medium transition-colors ${
-                  range === item ? 'bg-gray-800 text-white shadow-sm' : 'text-gray-500 hover:text-gray-900'
+                  range === item
+                    ? 'bg-gray-800 text-white shadow-sm dark:bg-white dark:text-black'
+                    : 'text-gray-500 hover:text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:text-white'
                 }`}
               >
                 {rangeLabels[item]}
@@ -64,7 +67,7 @@ export default function ResourceStatsPanel({
           </div>
           <button
             onClick={onRefresh}
-            className="h-8 w-8 inline-flex items-center justify-center rounded border border-gray-200 text-gray-500 hover:bg-gray-50 hover:text-gray-900"
+            className="h-8 w-8 inline-flex items-center justify-center rounded border border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400 hover:bg-gray-50 dark:hover:bg-gray-800 hover:text-gray-900 dark:hover:text-white"
             title="刷新"
           >
             <RefreshCw className="w-4 h-4" />
@@ -90,11 +93,11 @@ function DetailedChart({ chart, className }: { chart: ResourceChartConfig; class
     <div className={`p-4 ${className}`}>
       <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-3 mb-2">
         <div>
-          <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold text-gray-950">
-            <span className="text-gray-500">{chart.icon}</span>
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold text-gray-950 dark:text-white">
+            <span className="text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">{chart.icon}</span>
             <span>{chart.title}</span>
           </div>
-          {chart.detail && <p className="mt-0.5 text-[11px] text-gray-400">{chart.detail}</p>}
+          {chart.detail && <p className="mt-0.5 text-[11px] text-gray-400 dark:text-gray-500">{chart.detail}</p>}
         </div>
         <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-3 text-right">
           <Stat label="当前" value={chart.formatValue(chart.current)} />
@@ -115,8 +118,8 @@ function DetailedChart({ chart, className }: { chart: ResourceChartConfig; class
 function Stat({ label, value }: { label: string; value: string }) {
   return (
     <div>
-      <div className="text-[10px] text-gray-400">{label}</div>
-      <div className="text-xs font-semibold text-gray-900 tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">{value}</div>
+      <div className="text-[10px] text-gray-400 dark:text-gray-500">{label}</div>
+      <div className="text-xs font-semibold text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100 tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">{value}</div>
     </div>
   )
 }
@@ -132,6 +135,9 @@ function LineAreaChart({
   formatValue: (value: number) => string
   unitLabel?: string
 }) {
+  const { theme } = useTheme()
+  const isDark = theme === 'dark'
+
   const width = 520
   const height = 150
   const left = 50
@@ -158,12 +164,20 @@ function LineAreaChart({
   const yTicks = [1, 0.5, 0]
   const xTicks = [0, 0.5, 1]
 
+  // Dark mode colors
+  const gridStroke = isDark ? '#374151' : '#e5e7eb'
+  const gridStrokeV = isDark ? '#1f2937' : '#edf0f2'
+  const axisStroke = isDark ? '#9ca3af' : '#888'
+  const lineStroke = isDark ? '#f9fafb' : '#444'
+  const gradientTop = isDark ? '#f9fafb' : '#555'
+  const gradientBottom = isDark ? '#374151' : '#555'
+
   return (
     <svg viewBox={`0 0 ${width} ${height}`} className="w-full h-[140px]" preserveAspectRatio="none">
       <defs>
         <linearGradient id="resource-chart-fill" x1="0" x2="0" y1="0" y2="1">
-          <stop offset="0%" stopColor="#555" stopOpacity="0.25" />
-          <stop offset="100%" stopColor="#555" stopOpacity="0.02" />
+          <stop offset="0%" stopColor={gradientTop} stopOpacity="0.25" />
+          <stop offset="100%" stopColor={gradientBottom} stopOpacity="0.02" />
         </linearGradient>
       </defs>
 
@@ -171,8 +185,8 @@ function LineAreaChart({
         const y = top + (1 - tick) * innerHeight
         return (
           <g key={tick}>
-            <line x1={left} y1={y} x2={left + innerWidth} y2={y} stroke="#e5e7eb" strokeDasharray="3 3" />
-            <text x={left - 8} y={y + 3} textAnchor="end" fontSize="10" fill="#888">
+            <line x1={left} y1={y} x2={left + innerWidth} y2={y} stroke={gridStroke} strokeDasharray="3 3" />
+            <text x={left - 8} y={y + 3} textAnchor="end" fontSize="10" fill={axisStroke}>
               {formatValue(maxValue * tick)}
             </text>
           </g>
@@ -184,8 +198,8 @@ function LineAreaChart({
         const ts = minTs + tick * span
         return (
           <g key={tick}>
-            <line x1={x} y1={top} x2={x} y2={top + innerHeight} stroke="#edf0f2" strokeDasharray="3 3" />
-            <text x={x} y={height - 5} textAnchor={tick === 0 ? 'start' : tick === 1 ? 'end' : 'middle'} fontSize="10" fill="#888">
+            <line x1={x} y1={top} x2={x} y2={top + innerHeight} stroke={gridStrokeV} strokeDasharray="3 3" />
+            <text x={x} y={height - 5} textAnchor={tick === 0 ? 'start' : tick === 1 ? 'end' : 'middle'} fontSize="10" fill={axisStroke}>
               {formatTime(ts)}
             </text>
           </g>
@@ -193,15 +207,15 @@ function LineAreaChart({
       })}
 
       {unitLabel && (
-        <text x={left - 45} y={top + 10} fontSize="10" fill="#888">
+        <text x={left - 45} y={top + 10} fontSize="10" fill={axisStroke}>
           {unitLabel}
         </text>
       )}
 
-      <line x1={left} y1={top} x2={left} y2={top + innerHeight} stroke="#888" />
-      <line x1={left} y1={top + innerHeight} x2={left + innerWidth} y2={top + innerHeight} stroke="#888" />
+      <line x1={left} y1={top} x2={left} y2={top + innerHeight} stroke={axisStroke} />
+      <line x1={left} y1={top + innerHeight} x2={left + innerWidth} y2={top + innerHeight} stroke={axisStroke} />
       <polygon points={area} fill="url(#resource-chart-fill)" />
-      <polyline points={line} fill="none" stroke="#444" strokeWidth="2" strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round" />
+      <polyline points={line} fill="none" stroke={lineStroke} strokeWidth="2" strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round" />
     </svg>
   )
 }

frontend/src/components/RingStats.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { useTheme } from '../contexts/ThemeContext'
 
 interface RingStatProps {
   value: number
@@ -10,11 +11,17 @@ interface RingStatProps {
 }
 
 export function RingStat({ value, max = 100, label, subLabel, size = 120, strokeWidth = 8 }: RingStatProps) {
+  const { theme } = useTheme()
+  const isDark = theme === 'dark'
+
   const radius = (size - strokeWidth) / 2
   const circumference = radius * 2 * Math.PI
   const percentage = Math.min(Math.max(value / max * 100, 0), 100)
   const strokeDashoffset = circumference - (percentage / 100) * circumference
 
+  const bgStroke = isDark ? '#374151' : '#f3f4f6'
+  const progressStroke = isDark ? '#f9fafb' : '#000000'
+
   return (
     <div className="flex flex-col items-center">
       <div className="relative" style={{ width: size, height: size }}>
@@ -25,7 +32,7 @@ export function RingStat({ value, max = 100, label, subLabel, size = 120, stroke
             cy={size / 2}
             r={radius}
             fill="none"
-            stroke="#f3f4f6"
+            stroke={bgStroke}
             strokeWidth={strokeWidth}
           />
           {/* Progress ring */}
@@ -34,7 +41,7 @@ export function RingStat({ value, max = 100, label, subLabel, size = 120, stroke
             cy={size / 2}
             r={radius}
             fill="none"
-            stroke="#000000"
+            stroke={progressStroke}
             strokeWidth={strokeWidth}
             strokeLinecap="round"
             strokeDasharray={circumference}
@@ -44,12 +51,12 @@ export function RingStat({ value, max = 100, label, subLabel, size = 120, stroke
         </svg>
         {/* Center value */}
         <div className="absolute inset-0 flex flex-col items-center justify-center">
-          <span className="text-2xl font-bold text-black">{value.toFixed(percentage < 1 ? 2 : 1)}%</span>
+          <span className="text-2xl font-bold text-black dark:text-white">{value.toFixed(percentage < 1 ? 2 : 1)}%</span>
         </div>
       </div>
       <div className="mt-2 text-center">
-        <div className="text-sm font-medium text-gray-800">{label}</div>
-        {subLabel && <div className="text-xs text-gray-400 mt-0.5">{subLabel}</div>}
+        <div className="text-sm font-medium text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-200">{label}</div>
+        {subLabel && <div className="text-xs text-gray-400 dark:text-gray-500 mt-0.5">{subLabel}</div>}
       </div>
     </div>
   )
@@ -96,8 +103,8 @@ export default function RingStats({
   const hasSwap = swapTotal > 0
 
   return (
-    <div className="bg-white border border-gray-200 rounded-lg p-5">
-      <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-black mb-4">状态</h2>
+    <div className="bg-white dark:bg-gray-900 border border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 rounded-lg p-5">
+      <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-black dark:text-white mb-4">状态</h2>
       <div className={`grid ${hasSwap ? 'grid-cols-5' : 'grid-cols-4'} gap-3`}>
         <RingStat
           value={cpuPercent}

frontend/src/components/Sidebar.tsx

@@ -1,18 +1,25 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
 import { useLocation, useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom'
 import {
   ChevronLeft,
   ChevronRight,
   Code2,
+  Camera,
   LayoutDashboard,
   LogOut,
+  Moon,
   Package,
+  Route,
   ScrollText,
   Server,
-  Settings2,
+
   ShieldAlert,
+  Sun,
   UserCog,
 } from 'lucide-react'
 import { useAuth } from '../contexts/AuthContext'
+import { useTheme } from '../contexts/ThemeContext'
+import { getVersion } from '../services/api'
 import AppIcon from './AppIcon'
 
 interface SidebarProps {
@@ -24,13 +31,27 @@ export default function Sidebar({ collapsed, onToggle }: SidebarProps) {
   const navigate = useNavigate()
   const location = useLocation()
   const { logout, isSubUser } = useAuth()
+  const { theme, toggleTheme } = useTheme()
+  const [version, setVersion] = useState('')
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    getVersion()
+      .then(res => {
+        if (res.data?.data?.version) {
+          setVersion(res.data.data.version)
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(() => {})
+  }, [])
 
   const isContainerPage =
     location.pathname.startsWith('/containers') ||
     location.pathname.startsWith('/container')
 
   const isImagesPage = location.pathname.startsWith('/images')
-  const isOversellPage = location.pathname.startsWith('/oversell')
+
+  const isSnapshotsPage = location.pathname.startsWith('/snapshots')
+  const isRoutingPage = location.pathname.startsWith('/routing')
   const isAuditLogsPage = location.pathname.startsWith('/audit-logs')
   const isApiIntegrationPage = location.pathname.startsWith('/api-integration')
   const isSecurityPage = location.pathname.startsWith('/security')
@@ -38,27 +59,27 @@ export default function Sidebar({ collapsed, onToggle }: SidebarProps) {
 
   return (
     <aside
-      className={`fixed left-0 top-0 h-full bg-white border-r border-gray-200 flex flex-col transition-all duration-300 z-30 ${
+      className={`fixed left-0 top-0 h-full bg-white border-r border-gray-200 flex flex-col transition-all duration-300 z-30 dark:bg-gray-900 dark:border-gray-700 ${
         collapsed ? 'w-16' : 'w-60'
       }`}
     >
-      <div className="flex items-center justify-between h-14 px-4 border-b border-gray-200">
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-between h-14 px-4 border-b border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700">
         {!collapsed && (
           <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-            <div className="w-7 h-7 bg-gray-100 rounded flex items-center justify-center">
+            <div className="w-7 h-7 bg-gray-100 rounded flex items-center justify-center dark:bg-gray-800">
               <AppIcon className="w-5 h-5" />
             </div>
-            <span className="font-bold text-black text-sm">CLICD</span>
+            <span className="font-bold text-black text-sm dark:text-white">CLICD</span>
           </div>
         )}
         {collapsed && (
-          <div className="w-7 h-7 bg-gray-100 rounded flex items-center justify-center mx-auto">
+          <div className="w-7 h-7 bg-gray-100 rounded flex items-center justify-center mx-auto dark:bg-gray-800">
             <AppIcon className="w-5 h-5" />
           </div>
         )}
         <button
           onClick={onToggle}
-          className="p-1 rounded hover:bg-gray-100 text-gray-500"
+          className="p-1 rounded hover:bg-gray-100 text-gray-500 dark:hover:bg-gray-800 dark:text-gray-400"
           title="切换侧边栏"
         >
           {collapsed ? (
@@ -75,8 +96,8 @@ export default function Sidebar({ collapsed, onToggle }: SidebarProps) {
             onClick={() => navigate('/')}
             className={`w-full flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 rounded-md text-sm transition-colors ${
               location.pathname === '/'
-                ? 'bg-black text-white'
-                : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100'
+                ? 'bg-black text-white dark:bg-white dark:text-black'
+                : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:bg-gray-800'
             }`}
           >
             <LayoutDashboard className="w-4 h-4" />
@@ -88,8 +109,8 @@ export default function Sidebar({ collapsed, onToggle }: SidebarProps) {
           onClick={() => navigate('/containers')}
           className={`w-full flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 rounded-md text-sm transition-colors ${
             isContainerPage
-              ? 'bg-black text-white'
-              : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100'
+              ? 'bg-black text-white dark:bg-white dark:text-black'
+              : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:bg-gray-800'
           }`}
         >
           <Server className="w-4 h-4" />
@@ -101,8 +122,8 @@ export default function Sidebar({ collapsed, onToggle }: SidebarProps) {
             onClick={() => navigate('/images')}
             className={`w-full flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 rounded-md text-sm transition-colors ${
               isImagesPage
-                ? 'bg-black text-white'
-                : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100'
+                ? 'bg-black text-white dark:bg-white dark:text-black'
+                : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:bg-gray-800'
             }`}
           >
             <Package className="w-4 h-4" />
@@ -112,48 +133,72 @@ export default function Sidebar({ collapsed, onToggle }: SidebarProps) {
 
         {!isSubUser && (
           <>
-            <button
-              onClick={() => navigate('/oversell')}
-              className={`w-full flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 rounded-md text-sm transition-colors ${
-                isOversellPage
-                  ? 'bg-black text-white'
-                  : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100'
-              }`}
-            >
-              <Settings2 className="w-4 h-4" />
-              {!collapsed && <span>宿主机控制</span>}
-            </button>
-
             <button
               onClick={() => navigate('/security')}
               className={`w-full flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 rounded-md text-sm transition-colors ${
                 isSecurityPage
-                  ? 'bg-black text-white'
-                  : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100'
+                  ? 'bg-black text-white dark:bg-white dark:text-black'
+                  : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:bg-gray-800'
               }`}
             >
               <ShieldAlert className="w-4 h-4" />
               {!collapsed && <span>安全告警</span>}
             </button>
 
+            <button
+              onClick={() => navigate('/snapshots')}
+              className={`w-full flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 rounded-md text-sm transition-colors ${
+                isSnapshotsPage
+                  ? 'bg-black text-white dark:bg-white dark:text-black'
+                  : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:bg-gray-800'
+              }`}
+            >
+              <Camera className="w-4 h-4" />
+              {!collapsed && <span>快照管理</span>}
+            </button>
+
+            <button
+              onClick={() => navigate('/routing')}
+              className={`w-full flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 rounded-md text-sm transition-colors ${
+                isRoutingPage
+                  ? 'bg-black text-white dark:bg-white dark:text-black'
+                  : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:bg-gray-800'
+              }`}
+            >
+              <Route className="w-4 h-4" />
+              {!collapsed && <span>路由管理</span>}
+            </button>
+
             <button
               onClick={() => navigate('/audit-logs')}
               className={`w-full flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 rounded-md text-sm transition-colors ${
                 isAuditLogsPage
-                  ? 'bg-black text-white'
-                  : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100'
+                  ? 'bg-black text-white dark:bg-white dark:text-black'
+                  : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:bg-gray-800'
               }`}
             >
               <ScrollText className="w-4 h-4" />
               {!collapsed && <span>操作日志</span>}
             </button>
 
+            <button
+              onClick={() => navigate('/sub-users')}
+              className={`w-full flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 rounded-md text-sm transition-colors ${
+                location.pathname.startsWith('/sub-users')
+                  ? 'bg-black text-white dark:bg-white dark:text-black'
+                  : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:bg-gray-800'
+              }`}
+            >
+              <UserCog className="w-4 h-4" />
+              {!collapsed && <span>子用户管理</span>}
+            </button>
+
             <button
               onClick={() => navigate('/api-integration')}
               className={`w-full flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 rounded-md text-sm transition-colors ${
                 isApiIntegrationPage
-                  ? 'bg-black text-white'
-                  : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100'
+                  ? 'bg-black text-white dark:bg-white dark:text-black'
+                  : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:bg-gray-800'
               }`}
             >
               <Code2 className="w-4 h-4" />
@@ -164,8 +209,8 @@ export default function Sidebar({ collapsed, onToggle }: SidebarProps) {
               onClick={() => navigate('/settings')}
               className={`w-full flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 rounded-md text-sm transition-colors ${
                 isSettingsPage
-                  ? 'bg-black text-white'
-                  : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100'
+                  ? 'bg-black text-white dark:bg-white dark:text-black'
+                  : 'text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:bg-gray-800'
               }`}
             >
               <UserCog className="w-4 h-4" />
@@ -175,10 +220,36 @@ export default function Sidebar({ collapsed, onToggle }: SidebarProps) {
         )}
       </nav>
 
-      <div className="border-t border-gray-200 p-2">
+      <div className="border-t border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 p-2 space-y-1">
+        {/* Theme Toggle */}
+        <button
+          onClick={toggleTheme}
+          className="w-full flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 rounded-md text-sm text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-100 transition-colors dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:bg-gray-800"
+          title={theme === 'dark' ? '切换亮色模式' : '切换暗黑模式'}
+        >
+          {theme === 'dark' ? (
+            <Sun className="w-4 h-4" />
+          ) : (
+            <Moon className="w-4 h-4" />
+          )}
+          {!collapsed && <span>{theme === 'dark' ? '亮色模式' : '暗黑模式'}</span>}
+        </button>
+
+        {/* Version */}
+        {version && (
+          <div className={`px-3 py-2 text-xs text-gray-400 dark:text-gray-500 ${collapsed ? 'text-center' : ''}`}>
+            {collapsed ? (
+              <span title={`v${version}`}>v{version.split('.').slice(0, 2).join('.')}</span>
+            ) : (
+              <span>v{version}</span>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {/* Logout */}
         <button
           onClick={logout}
-          className="w-full flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 rounded-md text-sm text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-100 transition-colors"
+          className="w-full flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 rounded-md text-sm text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-100 transition-colors dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:bg-gray-800"
         >
           <LogOut className="w-4 h-4" />
           {!collapsed && <span>退出登录</span>}

frontend/src/components/WebSSHViewer.tsx

@@ -19,11 +19,10 @@ export default function WebSSHViewer({ containerName, onClose }: WebSSHViewerPro
   const [status, setStatus] = useState<'connecting' | 'preparing' | 'connected' | 'disconnected' | 'error'>('connecting')
   const [errorMsg, setErrorMsg] = useState('')
 
-  const buildWebSSHUrl = (ticket: string) => {
+  const buildWebSSHUrl = () => {
     const protocol = window.location.protocol === 'https:' ? 'wss:' : 'ws:'
     const params = new URLSearchParams({
       container: containerName,
-      ticket,
     })
     return `${protocol}//${window.location.host}/api/ssh?${params.toString()}`
   }
@@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ export default function WebSSHViewer({ containerName, onClose }: WebSSHViewerPro
       return
     }
 
-    const ws = new WebSocket(buildWebSSHUrl(ticket))
+    const ws = new WebSocket(buildWebSSHUrl(), [`clicd-ticket.${ticket}`])
     ws.binaryType = 'arraybuffer'
     wsRef.current = ws
 

frontend/src/contexts/AuthContext.tsx

@@ -41,9 +41,7 @@ export function AuthProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     if (savedToken) {
       const payload = decodeTokenPayload(savedToken)
       const nextUsername = payload?.username || payload?.sub_user || savedUsername || null
-      const nextContainerIdentifiers = Array.isArray(payload?.container_uuids) && payload.container_uuids.length > 0
-        ? payload.container_uuids
-        : Array.isArray(payload?.container_names) ? payload.container_names : []
+      const nextContainerIdentifiers = Array.isArray(payload?.container_uuids) ? payload.container_uuids : []
 
       setToken(savedToken)
       setUsername(nextUsername)
@@ -123,7 +121,6 @@ export function useAuth() {
 type TokenPayload = {
   username?: string
   sub_user?: string
-  container_names?: string[]
   container_uuids?: string[]
 }
 

frontend/src/contexts/ThemeContext.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { createContext, useContext, useEffect, useState, useCallback } from 'react'
+
+type Theme = 'light' | 'dark'
+
+interface ThemeContextType {
+  theme: Theme
+  toggleTheme: () => void
+}
+
+const ThemeContext = createContext<ThemeContextType>({ theme: 'light', toggleTheme: () => {} })
+
+export function ThemeProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+  const [theme, setTheme] = useState<Theme>(() => {
+    if (typeof window === 'undefined') return 'light'
+    const stored = localStorage.getItem('clicd_theme') as Theme | null
+    if (stored === 'dark' || stored === 'light') return stored
+    return window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches ? 'dark' : 'light'
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const root = document.documentElement
+    if (theme === 'dark') {
+      root.classList.add('dark')
+    } else {
+      root.classList.remove('dark')
+    }
+    localStorage.setItem('clicd_theme', theme)
+  }, [theme])
+
+  const toggleTheme = useCallback(() => {
+    setTheme(prev => (prev === 'dark' ? 'light' : 'dark'))
+  }, [])
+
+  return (
+    <ThemeContext.Provider value={{ theme, toggleTheme }}>
+      {children}
+    </ThemeContext.Provider>
+  )
+}
+
+export function useTheme() {
+  return useContext(ThemeContext)
+}

frontend/src/index.css

@@ -14,19 +14,147 @@ body {
   color: #000000;
 }
 
+/* Scrollbar */
 ::-webkit-scrollbar {
   width: 6px;
 }
-
 ::-webkit-scrollbar-track {
   background: #f1f1f1;
 }
-
 ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
   background: #888;
   border-radius: 3px;
 }
-
 ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {
   background: #555;
 }
+
+/* ============ DARK MODE OVERRIDES ============ */
+
+.dark ::-webkit-scrollbar-track {
+  background: #1f2937;
+}
+.dark ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
+  background: #4b5563;
+}
+.dark ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {
+  background: #6b7280;
+}
+
+.dark body {
+  background-color: #030712;
+  color: #f9fafb;
+}
+
+/* Background overrides */
+.dark .bg-white { background-color: #111827 !important; }
+.dark .bg-gray-50 { background-color: #030712 !important; }
+.dark .bg-gray-100 { background-color: #1f2937 !important; }
+.dark .bg-gray-200 { background-color: #374151 !important; }
+
+/* Text overrides */
+.dark .text-black { color: #f9fafb !important; }
+.dark .text-gray-950 { color: #f9fafb !important; }
+.dark .text-gray-900 { color: #f3f4f6 !important; }
+.dark .text-gray-800 { color: #e5e7eb !important; }
+.dark .text-gray-700 { color: #d1d5db !important; }
+.dark .text-gray-600 { color: #9ca3af !important; }
+.dark .text-gray-500 { color: #9ca3af !important; }
+.dark .text-gray-400 { color: #6b7280 !important; }
+
+/* Border overrides */
+.dark .border-gray-100 { border-color: #1f2937 !important; }
+.dark .border-gray-200 { border-color: #374151 !important; }
+.dark .border-gray-300 { border-color: #4b5563 !important; }
+
+/* Divider overrides */
+.dark .divide-gray-50 > :not([hidden]) ~ :not([hidden]) { border-color: #1f2937 !important; }
+.dark .divide-gray-100 > :not([hidden]) ~ :not([hidden]) { border-color: #1f2937 !important; }
+
+/* Hover background overrides */
+.dark .hover\:bg-gray-50:hover { background-color: #1f2937 !important; }
+.dark .hover\:bg-gray-100:hover { background-color: #1f2937 !important; }
+.dark .hover\:bg-gray-200:hover { background-color: #374151 !important; }
+
+/* Hover text overrides */
+.dark .hover\:text-black:hover { color: #f9fafb !important; }
+.dark .hover\:text-gray-900:hover { color: #f3f4f6 !important; }
+
+/* Shadow */
+.dark .shadow-sm { box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.3) !important; }
+.dark .shadow-md { box-shadow: 0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0,0,0,0.4) !important; }
+
+/* bg-black buttons in dark mode -> light */
+.dark .bg-black { background-color: #f9fafb !important; }
+.dark .bg-black + span,
+.dark button.bg-black { color: #111827 !important; }
+.dark button.bg-black span { color: #111827 !important; }
+
+/* Fix for CTA buttons (bg-black text-white) */
+.dark button.bg-black,
+.dark a.bg-black {
+  background-color: #f9fafb !important;
+  color: #111827 !important;
+}
+
+/* Fix nested text-white inside bg-black in dark mode */
+.dark .bg-black .text-white,
+.dark .bg-black.text-white {
+  color: #111827 !important;
+}
+
+/* Invert sidebar active state */
+.dark button.bg-black.text-white,
+.dark button.bg-black > span {
+  color: #111827 !important;
+}
+.dark button.bg-black svg {
+  color: #111827 !important;
+}
+
+/* Hover: bg-gray-800 in dark mode */
+.dark .hover\:bg-gray-800:hover { background-color: #e5e7eb !important; color: #111827 !important; }
+
+/* Status badge backgrounds */
+.dark .bg-green-50 { background-color: #064e3b !important; }
+.dark .bg-red-50 { background-color: #450a0a !important; }
+.dark .bg-amber-50 { background-color: #451a03 !important; }
+.dark .bg-emerald-50 { background-color: #064e3b !important; }
+.dark .bg-amber-100 { background-color: #78350f !important; }
+
+/* Status badge text */
+.dark .text-green-700 { color: #6ee7b7 !important; }
+.dark .text-red-600 { color: #fca5a5 !important; }
+.dark .text-red-700 { color: #fca5a5 !important; }
+.dark .text-amber-600 { color: #fcd34d !important; }
+.dark .text-amber-700 { color: #fcd34d !important; }
+.dark .text-emerald-700 { color: #6ee7b7 !important; }
+
+/* Focus ring */
+.dark .focus\:ring-black:focus { --tw-ring-color: #f9fafb !important; }
+.dark .focus\:border-black:focus { border-color: #f9fafb !important; }
+
+/* Accent */
+.dark .accent-black { accent-color: #f9fafb !important; }
+
+/* Spinner */
+.dark .border-black { border-color: #f9fafb !important; }
+.dark .border-b-black { border-bottom-color: #f9fafb !important; }
+.dark .border-t-black { border-top-color: #f9fafb !important; }
+.dark .animate-spin.rounded-full { border-color: #f9fafb !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; }
+
+/* Placeholder */
+.dark .placeholder-gray-400::placeholder { color: #6b7280 !important; }
+
+/* Success/Error text standalone */
+.dark .text-green-600 { color: #6ee7b7 !important; }
+
+/* Modal backdrop */
+.dark .bg-black\/50 { background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.7) !important; }
+
+/* Toggle / switch */
+.dark .bg-gray-300 { background-color: #4b5563 !important; }
+.dark .peer-checked\:bg-black:checked ~ * { background-color: #f9fafb !important; }
+.dark .peer-checked\:bg-black:checked + *,
+.dark input.peer:checked + .peer-checked\:bg-black { background-color: #f9fafb !important; }
+

frontend/src/main.tsx

@@ -3,17 +3,20 @@ import ReactDOM from 'react-dom/client'
 import { BrowserRouter } from 'react-router-dom'
 import App from './App'
 import { AuthProvider } from './contexts/AuthContext'
+import { ThemeProvider } from './contexts/ThemeContext'
 import { DialogProvider } from './components/Dialog'
 import './index.css'
 
 ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById('root')!).render(
   <React.StrictMode>
     <BrowserRouter>
-      <AuthProvider>
-        <DialogProvider>
-          <App />
-        </DialogProvider>
-      </AuthProvider>
+      <ThemeProvider>
+        <AuthProvider>
+          <DialogProvider>
+            <App />
+          </DialogProvider>
+        </AuthProvider>
+      </ThemeProvider>
     </BrowserRouter>
   </React.StrictMode>,
 )

frontend/src/pages/ApiIntegration.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useState, useEffect, useCallback } from 'react'
 import { Key, Plus, Trash2, Copy, RefreshCw, Code, X } from 'lucide-react'
 import api, { APIResponse } from '../services/api'
+import { copyToClipboard } from '../utils/clipboard'
 
 interface ApiKeyItem {
   id: string
@@ -62,21 +63,12 @@ export default function ApiIntegration() {
     } catch { /* ignore */ }
   }
 
-  const copyKey = () => {
-    try {
-      navigator.clipboard.writeText(newKey)
-    } catch {
-      const ta = document.createElement('textarea')
-      ta.value = newKey
-      ta.style.position = 'fixed'
-      ta.style.left = '-9999px'
-      document.body.appendChild(ta)
-      ta.select()
-      document.execCommand('copy')
-      document.body.removeChild(ta)
+  const copyKey = async () => {
+    const copied = await copyToClipboard(newKey)
+    if (copied) {
+      setCopiedKey(true)
+      setTimeout(() => setCopiedKey(false), 2000)
     }
-    setCopiedKey(true)
-    setTimeout(() => setCopiedKey(false), 2000)
   }
 
   return (
@@ -256,10 +248,7 @@ export default function ApiIntegration() {
             </section>
 
             <section>
-              <h3 className="font-semibold text-black mb-2">超售 & 批量</h3>
-              <Endpoint method="POST" path="/api/oversell" desc="获取/更新超售配置" body='{"cpu_overcommit": 4, "ram_overcommit": 2, "disk_overcommit": 1, "ksm_enabled": true, "swappiness": 10}' />
-              <Endpoint method="POST" path="/api/oversell/reclaim" desc="触发一次内存回收" />
-              <Endpoint method="POST" path="/api/oversell/status" desc="超售状态" />
+              <h3 className="font-semibold text-black mb-2">批量操作</h3>
               <Endpoint method="POST" path="/api/batch-create" desc="批量创建" body='{"containers": [{...}]}' />
               <Endpoint method="POST" path="/api/batch-action" desc="批量操作" body='{"action": "start", "containers": [1, 2, 3]}' />
             </section>

frontend/src/pages/ContainerDetail.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ import { useState, useEffect, useCallback, type ReactNode } from 'react'
 import { useParams, useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom'
 import {
   ArrowLeft,
+  Camera,
+  Clock,
   Copy,
   Cpu,
   HardDrive,
@@ -29,9 +31,12 @@ import {
   Container,
   ContainerUsage,
   createSubUser,
+  createContainerSnapshot,
   deleteContainer,
+  deleteContainerSnapshot,
   deletePortMapping,
   getContainer,
+  getContainerSnapshots,
   getContainerUsage,
   getHostInfo,
   getTrafficInfo,
@@ -44,8 +49,13 @@ import {
   restartContainer,
   startContainer,
   stopContainer,
+  Snapshot,
+  SnapshotSchedule,
   Template,
   updateContainerExpiry,
+  updateSnapshotQuota,
+  updateSnapshotSchedule,
+  restoreContainerSnapshot,
   resetTraffic,
   updateTrafficLimit,
   updateResourceLimit,
@@ -56,6 +66,7 @@ import { useDialog } from '../components/Dialog'
 import { useAuth } from '../contexts/AuthContext'
 import WebSSHViewer from '../components/WebSSHViewer'
 import { RingStat } from '../components/RingStats'
+import { copyToClipboard } from '../utils/clipboard'
 import ResourceStatsPanel, {
   ChartPoint,
   ResourceChartConfig,
@@ -125,6 +136,15 @@ export default function ContainerDetail() {
   const [resourceEdit, setResourceEdit] = useState({ vcpu: 1, ramMb: 512, ioMbps: 500, bwMbps: 100 })
   const [savingResource, setSavingResource] = useState(false)
   const [showPassword, setShowPassword] = useState(false)
+  const [showSnapshots, setShowSnapshots] = useState(false)
+  const [snapshots, setSnapshots] = useState<Snapshot[]>([])
+  const [snapshotQuota, setSnapshotQuota] = useState(3)
+  const [snapshotQuotaDraft, setSnapshotQuotaDraft] = useState(3)
+  const [editingSnapshotQuota, setEditingSnapshotQuota] = useState(false)
+  const [snapshotSchedule, setSnapshotSchedule] = useState<SnapshotSchedule | null>(null)
+  const [snapshotBusy, setSnapshotBusy] = useState('')
+  const [showSnapshotSchedule, setShowSnapshotSchedule] = useState(false)
+  const [snapshotScheduleDraft, setSnapshotScheduleDraft] = useState({ intervalHours: 24, time: '03:00' })
 
   const fetchContainer = useCallback(async () => {
     if (!containerIdentifier) return
@@ -142,6 +162,21 @@ export default function ContainerDetail() {
     }
   }, [containerIdentifier, isSubUser])
 
+  const fetchSnapshots = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!containerIdentifier) return
+    try {
+      const res = await getContainerSnapshots(containerIdentifier)
+      const data = res.data.data
+      const quota = data?.quota || container?.snapshot_limit || 3
+      setSnapshots(data?.snapshots || [])
+      setSnapshotQuota(quota)
+      setSnapshotQuotaDraft(quota)
+      setSnapshotSchedule(data?.schedule || null)
+    } catch (err) {
+      console.error('Failed to fetch snapshots:', err)
+    }
+  }, [containerIdentifier, container?.snapshot_limit])
+
   const appendUsagePoint = useCallback((nextUsage: ContainerUsage, currentContainer: Container | null) => {
     if (!containerIdentifier || !currentContainer) return
 
@@ -198,6 +233,10 @@ export default function ContainerDetail() {
     return () => window.clearInterval(timer)
   }, [fetchUsage])
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (showSnapshots) fetchSnapshots()
+  }, [showSnapshots, fetchSnapshots])
+
   // Poll task status for this container
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!containerIdentifier) return
@@ -320,7 +359,7 @@ export default function ContainerDetail() {
 
   const openReinstall = async () => {
     try {
-      const res = await getEnabledImages()
+      const res = await getEnabledImages(container?.virtualization || 'lxc')
       if (res.data.data) {
         setTemplates(res.data.data)
         setSelectedTemplate(res.data.data[0]?.id || '')
@@ -478,20 +517,110 @@ export default function ContainerDetail() {
     }
   }
 
-  const copyText = async (text: string) => {
-    try {
-      await copyText(text)
-    } catch {
-      // Fallback for HTTP (non-secure context)
-      const ta = document.createElement('textarea')
-      ta.value = text
-      ta.style.position = 'fixed'
-      ta.style.left = '-9999px'
-      document.body.appendChild(ta)
-      ta.select()
-      document.execCommand('copy')
-      document.body.removeChild(ta)
+  const handleCreateSnapshot = async () => {
+    if (!containerIdentifier) return
+    if (isSubUser && snapshots.length >= snapshotQuota) {
+      await dialog.alert('快照配额已满', '已达到管理员设置的快照配额，请先删除旧快照。')
+      return
     }
+    if (container?.status === 'running') {
+      const confirmed = await dialog.confirm(
+        '拍摄快照',
+        `拍摄快照需要先关机，完成后会自动重启容器 ${container.name}。是否继续？`
+      )
+      if (!confirmed) return
+    }
+    setSnapshotBusy('create')
+    try {
+      await createContainerSnapshot(containerIdentifier)
+      await Promise.all([fetchSnapshots(), fetchContainer()])
+    } catch (err: unknown) {
+      const error = err as { response?: { data?: { message?: string } } }
+      await dialog.alert('创建快照失败', error.response?.data?.message || '请稍后重试。')
+    } finally {
+      setSnapshotBusy('')
+    }
+  }
+
+  const openSnapshotSchedule = () => {
+    setSnapshotScheduleDraft({
+      intervalHours: Math.max(snapshotSchedule?.interval_hours || 24, 24),
+      time: snapshotSchedule?.time || '03:00',
+    })
+    setShowSnapshotSchedule(true)
+  }
+
+  const saveSnapshotSchedule = async (enabled: boolean) => {
+    if (!containerIdentifier) return
+    const intervalHours = snapshotScheduleDraft.intervalHours
+    const scheduleTime = snapshotScheduleDraft.time || '03:00'
+    if (enabled && intervalHours < 24) {
+      await dialog.alert('参数错误', '自动快照周期最低是 1 天一次。')
+      return
+    }
+    setSnapshotBusy('schedule')
+    try {
+      await updateSnapshotSchedule(containerIdentifier, enabled, intervalHours, scheduleTime)
+      await Promise.all([fetchSnapshots(), fetchContainer()])
+      setShowSnapshotSchedule(false)
+    } catch (err: unknown) {
+      const error = err as { response?: { data?: { message?: string } } }
+      await dialog.alert('定时快照失败', error.response?.data?.message || '请稍后重试。')
+    } finally {
+      setSnapshotBusy('')
+    }
+  }
+
+  const saveSnapshotQuota = async () => {
+    if (!containerIdentifier || isSubUser) return
+    const nextQuota = Math.max(1, Math.round(snapshotQuotaDraft || 1))
+    setSnapshotBusy('quota')
+    try {
+      await updateSnapshotQuota(containerIdentifier, nextQuota)
+      setSnapshotQuota(nextQuota)
+      setSnapshotQuotaDraft(nextQuota)
+      setEditingSnapshotQuota(false)
+      await Promise.all([fetchSnapshots(), fetchContainer()])
+    } catch (err: unknown) {
+      const error = err as { response?: { data?: { message?: string } } }
+      await dialog.alert('保存快照配额失败', error.response?.data?.message || '请稍后重试。')
+    } finally {
+      setSnapshotBusy('')
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleDeleteSnapshot = async (snapshot: Snapshot) => {
+    if (!containerIdentifier) return
+    if (!(await dialog.confirm('删除快照', `确定删除 ${snapshot.created_at} 的快照吗？`))) return
+    setSnapshotBusy(snapshot.id)
+    try {
+      await deleteContainerSnapshot(containerIdentifier, snapshot.id)
+      await fetchSnapshots()
+    } catch (err: unknown) {
+      const error = err as { response?: { data?: { message?: string } } }
+      await dialog.alert('删除快照失败', error.response?.data?.message || '请稍后重试。')
+    } finally {
+      setSnapshotBusy('')
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleRestoreSnapshot = async (snapshot: Snapshot) => {
+    if (!containerIdentifier) return
+    if (!(await dialog.confirm('恢复快照', `确定恢复到 ${snapshot.created_at} 的快照吗？当前容器数据会被覆盖。`))) return
+    setSnapshotBusy(snapshot.id)
+    try {
+      await restoreContainerSnapshot(containerIdentifier, snapshot.id)
+      await Promise.all([fetchSnapshots(), fetchContainer()])
+    } catch (err: unknown) {
+      const error = err as { response?: { data?: { message?: string } } }
+      await dialog.alert('恢复快照失败', error.response?.data?.message || '请稍后重试。')
+    } finally {
+      setSnapshotBusy('')
+    }
+  }
+
+  const copyText = async (text: string) => {
+    await copyToClipboard(text)
   }
 
   if (loading) {
@@ -536,7 +665,6 @@ export default function ContainerDetail() {
   const managementUrl = subUser?.access_code
     ? `${window.location.origin}/login?code=${encodeURIComponent(subUser.access_code)}`
     : ''
-  const managementPassword = subUser?.password || ''
   const charts: ResourceChartConfig[] = [
     {
       title: 'CPU 使用率',
@@ -600,6 +728,7 @@ export default function ContainerDetail() {
               </div>
               <div className="flex items-center gap-2 flex-wrap mt-2">
                 <InfoTag color="blue">系统 {container.template}</InfoTag>
+                <InfoTag color="slate">类型 {(container.virtualization || 'lxc').toUpperCase()}</InfoTag>
                 <InfoTag color="emerald">内网 {container.ip || '-'}</InfoTag>
                 <InfoTag color="amber">NAT {mappingCount} 条</InfoTag>
                 <InfoTag color="violet">{publicHost}:{container.ssh_port}</InfoTag>
@@ -641,6 +770,10 @@ export default function ContainerDetail() {
                 NAT 管理
               </ActionButton>
             </>
+            <ActionButton onClick={() => setShowSnapshots(true)} disabled={!!taskStatus || !!snapshotBusy}>
+              <Camera className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />
+              快照
+            </ActionButton>
             {!isSubUser && (
               <ActionButton onClick={openReinstall} disabled={!!taskStatus || isExpired}>
                 <RefreshCw className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />
@@ -846,6 +979,171 @@ export default function ContainerDetail() {
         </Modal>
       )}
 
+      {showSnapshots && (
+        <Modal
+          title="快照"
+          onClose={() => {
+            setShowSnapshots(false)
+            setEditingSnapshotQuota(false)
+          }}
+          wide
+          extra={
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+              <button
+                onClick={openSnapshotSchedule}
+                disabled={!!snapshotBusy}
+                className={`inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-xs ${
+                  snapshotSchedule?.enabled
+                    ? 'border border-blue-200 bg-blue-50 text-blue-700 hover:bg-blue-100'
+                    : 'border border-gray-300 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50'
+                } disabled:opacity-50`}
+              >
+                <Clock className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />
+                {snapshotBusy === 'schedule' ? '处理中...' : snapshotSchedule?.enabled ? '定时设置' : '定时快照'}
+              </button>
+              <button
+                onClick={handleCreateSnapshot}
+                disabled={!!snapshotBusy || (isSubUser && snapshots.length >= snapshotQuota)}
+                className="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md bg-black px-3 py-1.5 text-xs text-white hover:bg-gray-800 disabled:opacity-50"
+              >
+                <Camera className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />
+                {snapshotBusy === 'create' ? '创建中...' : '新建快照'}
+              </button>
+            </div>
+          }
+        >
+          <div className="space-y-4">
+            <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-lg border border-gray-200 bg-gray-50 px-4 py-3 text-xs text-gray-600">
+              <div>
+                快照数量：
+                <span className="font-mono text-gray-900">
+                  {snapshots.length}
+                </span>
+              </div>
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                <span>子用户配额：</span>
+                <span className="font-mono text-gray-900">{snapshotQuota}</span>
+                {!isSubUser && (
+                  <button
+                    onClick={() => {
+                      setSnapshotQuotaDraft(snapshotQuota)
+                      setEditingSnapshotQuota((value) => !value)
+                    }}
+                    className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 rounded border border-gray-300 bg-white px-2 py-1 text-[11px] text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50"
+                    disabled={snapshotBusy === 'quota'}
+                  >
+                    <Pencil className="w-3 h-3" />
+                    修改
+                  </button>
+                )}
+              </div>
+              <div>
+                定时状态：
+                <span className="text-gray-900">
+                  {snapshotSchedule?.enabled ? `已开启，每 ${formatScheduleInterval(snapshotSchedule.interval_hours || 24)}，${snapshotSchedule.time || '03:00'} 执行` : '未开启'}
+                </span>
+              </div>
+              {snapshotSchedule?.next_run && (
+                <div>下次执行：<span className="font-mono text-gray-900">{formatDateTime(snapshotSchedule.next_run)}</span></div>
+              )}
+            </div>
+
+            {editingSnapshotQuota && !isSubUser && (
+              <div className="flex flex-wrap items-end gap-3 rounded-lg border border-gray-200 bg-white px-4 py-3">
+                <Field label="子用户每台容器快照上限">
+                  <input
+                    type="number"
+                    min={1}
+                    max={999}
+                    value={snapshotQuotaDraft}
+                    onChange={(event) => setSnapshotQuotaDraft(Math.max(1, Math.round(Number(event.target.value) || 1)))}
+                    className="w-44 px-3 py-2 border border-gray-300 rounded-md text-sm text-black bg-white focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-black focus:border-black"
+                  />
+                </Field>
+                <div className="flex gap-2 pb-0.5">
+                  <button
+                    onClick={() => {
+                      setEditingSnapshotQuota(false)
+                      setSnapshotQuotaDraft(snapshotQuota)
+                    }}
+                    className="px-3 py-2 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 rounded-md"
+                    disabled={snapshotBusy === 'quota'}
+                  >
+                    取消
+                  </button>
+                  <button
+                    onClick={saveSnapshotQuota}
+                    disabled={snapshotBusy === 'quota'}
+                    className="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 px-3 py-2 text-sm bg-black text-white rounded-md hover:bg-gray-800 disabled:opacity-50"
+                  >
+                    <Save className="w-4 h-4" />
+                    {snapshotBusy === 'quota' ? '保存中...' : '保存'}
+                  </button>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            )}
+
+            <SnapshotTable
+              snapshots={snapshots}
+              busy={snapshotBusy}
+              onRestore={handleRestoreSnapshot}
+              onDelete={handleDeleteSnapshot}
+            />
+          </div>
+        </Modal>
+      )}
+
+      {showSnapshotSchedule && (
+        <Modal title="定时快照" onClose={() => setShowSnapshotSchedule(false)}>
+          <div className="space-y-4">
+            <Field label="自动快照周期">
+              <select
+                value={snapshotScheduleDraft.intervalHours}
+                onChange={(e) => setSnapshotScheduleDraft({ ...snapshotScheduleDraft, intervalHours: Number(e.target.value) })}
+                className={inputClass}
+              >
+                <option value={24}>1 天</option>
+                <option value={72}>3 天</option>
+                <option value={168}>7 天</option>
+                <option value={336}>14 天</option>
+              </select>
+            </Field>
+            <Field label="执行时间">
+              <input
+                type="time"
+                value={snapshotScheduleDraft.time}
+                onChange={(e) => setSnapshotScheduleDraft({ ...snapshotScheduleDraft, time: e.target.value || '03:00' })}
+                className={inputClass}
+              />
+            </Field>
+            <div className="rounded-md border border-gray-200 bg-gray-50 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-gray-500">
+              {`每 ${formatScheduleInterval(snapshotScheduleDraft.intervalHours)} 在 ${snapshotScheduleDraft.time || '03:00'} 执行。`}
+            </div>
+            <div className="flex justify-between gap-3 pt-2">
+              {snapshotSchedule?.enabled ? (
+                <button
+                  onClick={() => saveSnapshotSchedule(false)}
+                  disabled={snapshotBusy === 'schedule'}
+                  className="px-4 py-2 text-sm text-red-600 border border-red-200 rounded-md hover:bg-red-50 disabled:opacity-50"
+                >
+                  关闭定时
+                </button>
+              ) : <div />}
+              <div className="flex gap-2">
+                <button onClick={() => setShowSnapshotSchedule(false)} className="px-4 py-2 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 rounded-md">取消</button>
+                <button
+                  onClick={() => saveSnapshotSchedule(true)}
+                  disabled={snapshotBusy === 'schedule'}
+                  className="px-4 py-2 text-sm bg-black text-white rounded-md hover:bg-gray-800 disabled:opacity-50"
+                >
+                  {snapshotBusy === 'schedule' ? '保存中...' : '保存'}
+                </button>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </Modal>
+      )}
+
       {showNat && (
         <Modal title="NAT 端口管理" onClose={() => { setShowNat(false); setDraft(emptyDraft); setShowNatAdd(false) }} wide extra={
           !isSubUser && canAddMapping && !showNatAdd && (
@@ -954,55 +1252,21 @@ export default function ContainerDetail() {
         </Modal>
       )}
 
-      {showSubUser && subUser && false && (
-        <Modal title="管理链接" onClose={() => setShowSubUser(false)}>
-          <div className="space-y-4">
-            <div className="bg-amber-50 border border-amber-200 rounded-lg p-3 text-xs text-amber-800">
-              安全提示：请通过私密渠道（如加密通讯工具）分享以下信息，不要在不安全的网络环境下明文传输。
-            </div>
-            <div className="bg-gray-50 rounded-lg p-4 text-sm space-y-3">
-              <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-3">
-                <span className="shrink-0 text-gray-500">管理地址</span>
-                <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1">
-                  <span className="font-mono text-xs text-black break-all">{managementUrl}</span>
-                  <button onClick={() => copyText(managementUrl)} className="shrink-0 p-0.5 text-gray-400 hover:text-black rounded"><Copy className="w-3 h-3" /></button>
-                </div>
-              </div>
-              <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-3">
-                <span className="shrink-0 text-gray-500">用户名</span>
-                <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1">
-                  <span className="font-mono text-xs text-black">{subUser?.username}</span>
-                  <button onClick={() => copyText(subUser?.username || '')} className="shrink-0 p-0.5 text-gray-400 hover:text-black rounded"><Copy className="w-3 h-3" /></button>
-                </div>
-              </div>
-              <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-3">
-                <span className="shrink-0 text-gray-500">密码</span>
-                <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1">
-                  <span className="font-mono text-xs text-black">{managementPassword}</span>
-                  <button onClick={() => copyText(managementPassword)} className="shrink-0 p-0.5 text-gray-400 hover:text-black rounded"><Copy className="w-3 h-3" /></button>
-                </div>
-              </div>
-            </div>
-            <p className="text-xs text-gray-400">打开管理地址，输入用户名和密码即可管理该容器。链接不含 token，无法被截获后直接使用。</p>
-          </div>
-        </Modal>
-      )}
-
       {showSubUser && subUser && (
         <Modal title="管理链接" onClose={() => setShowSubUser(false)}>
-          <div className="bg-gray-50 rounded-lg p-4 text-sm space-y-3">
+          <div className="bg-gray-50 dark:bg-gray-800 rounded-lg p-4 text-sm space-y-3">
             <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-3">
-              <span className="shrink-0 text-gray-500">地址</span>
+              <span className="shrink-0 text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">地址</span>
               <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1">
-                <span className="font-mono text-xs text-black break-all">{managementUrl}</span>
-                <button onClick={() => copyText(managementUrl)} className="shrink-0 p-0.5 text-gray-400 hover:text-black rounded"><Copy className="w-3 h-3" /></button>
+                <span className="font-mono text-xs text-black dark:text-white break-all">{managementUrl}</span>
+                <button onClick={() => copyText(managementUrl)} className="shrink-0 p-0.5 text-gray-400 hover:text-black dark:hover:text-white rounded"><Copy className="w-3 h-3" /></button>
               </div>
             </div>
             <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-3">
-              <span className="shrink-0 text-gray-500">密码</span>
+              <span className="shrink-0 text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">密码</span>
               <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1">
-                <span className="font-mono text-xs text-black">{managementPassword}</span>
-                <button onClick={() => copyText(managementPassword)} className="shrink-0 p-0.5 text-gray-400 hover:text-black rounded"><Copy className="w-3 h-3" /></button>
+                <span className="font-mono text-xs text-black dark:text-white">{subUser.password || ''}</span>
+                <button onClick={() => copyText(subUser.password || '')} className="shrink-0 p-0.5 text-gray-400 hover:text-black dark:hover:text-white rounded"><Copy className="w-3 h-3" /></button>
               </div>
             </div>
           </div>
@@ -1132,12 +1396,13 @@ function StatusBadge({ running }: { running: boolean }) {
   )
 }
 
-function InfoTag({ color, children }: { color: 'blue' | 'emerald' | 'amber' | 'violet'; children: ReactNode }) {
+function InfoTag({ color, children }: { color: 'blue' | 'emerald' | 'amber' | 'violet' | 'slate'; children: ReactNode }) {
   const classes = {
     blue: 'bg-blue-50 text-blue-700 border-blue-100',
     emerald: 'bg-emerald-50 text-emerald-700 border-emerald-100',
     amber: 'bg-amber-50 text-amber-700 border-amber-100',
     violet: 'bg-violet-50 text-violet-700 border-violet-100',
+    slate: 'bg-slate-50 text-slate-700 border-slate-100',
   }
   return <span className={`px-1.5 py-0.5 border rounded text-[11px] whitespace-nowrap ${classes[color]}`}>{children}</span>
 }
@@ -1229,6 +1494,65 @@ function PlainRow({ label, value, mono = false, copyValue, onCopy, children }: {
   )
 }
 
+function SnapshotTable({ snapshots, busy, onRestore, onDelete }: {
+  snapshots: Snapshot[]
+  busy: string
+  onRestore: (snapshot: Snapshot) => void
+  onDelete: (snapshot: Snapshot) => void
+}) {
+  if (snapshots.length === 0) {
+    return <p className="rounded-lg border border-dashed border-gray-200 px-4 py-8 text-center text-sm text-gray-400">暂无快照</p>
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="overflow-x-auto rounded-lg border border-gray-200">
+      <table className="w-full min-w-[760px] text-sm">
+        <thead className="border-b border-gray-200 bg-gray-50 text-xs text-gray-500">
+          <tr>
+            <TableHead>快照时间</TableHead>
+            <TableHead>类型</TableHead>
+            <TableHead>创建者</TableHead>
+            <TableHead>大小</TableHead>
+            <th className="px-3 py-2 text-right text-xs font-medium text-gray-500">操作</th>
+          </tr>
+        </thead>
+        <tbody className="divide-y divide-gray-100">
+          {snapshots.map((snapshot) => (
+            <tr key={snapshot.id}>
+              <td className="px-3 py-2 font-mono text-xs text-gray-800">{snapshot.created_at}</td>
+              <td className="px-3 py-2">
+                <span className={`rounded px-2 py-1 text-xs ${snapshot.scheduled ? 'bg-blue-50 text-blue-700' : 'bg-gray-100 text-gray-700'}`}>
+                  {snapshot.scheduled ? '定时' : '手动'}
+                </span>
+              </td>
+              <td className="px-3 py-2 text-xs text-gray-600">{snapshot.created_by || '-'}</td>
+              <td className="px-3 py-2 font-mono text-xs text-gray-600">{formatBytes(snapshot.size_bytes || 0)}</td>
+              <td className="px-3 py-2">
+                <div className="flex justify-end gap-1.5">
+                  <button
+                    onClick={() => onRestore(snapshot)}
+                    disabled={!!busy}
+                    className="rounded border border-gray-300 px-2.5 py-1 text-xs text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50 disabled:opacity-50"
+                  >
+                    {busy === snapshot.id ? '处理中...' : '恢复'}
+                  </button>
+                  <button
+                    onClick={() => onDelete(snapshot)}
+                    disabled={!!busy}
+                    className="rounded border border-red-200 px-2.5 py-1 text-xs text-red-600 hover:bg-red-50 disabled:opacity-50"
+                  >
+                    删除
+                  </button>
+                </div>
+              </td>
+            </tr>
+          ))}
+        </tbody>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
 function MappingTable({ mappings, publicHost, onEdit, onDelete, compact = false, isSubUser = false }: { mappings: PortMapping[]; publicHost: string; onEdit: (pm: PortMapping, index: number) => void; onDelete: (index: number) => void; compact?: boolean; isSubUser?: boolean }) {
   if (mappings.length === 0) {
     return <p className="text-sm text-gray-400">暂无端口映射</p>
@@ -1389,6 +1713,19 @@ function formatExpiration(value?: string): string {
   return value.length >= 10 ? value.slice(0, 10) : value
 }
 
+function formatDateTime(value?: string): string {
+  if (!value) return '-'
+  const parsed = new Date(value)
+  if (Number.isNaN(parsed.getTime())) return value
+  return parsed.toLocaleString()
+}
+
+function formatScheduleInterval(hours: number): string {
+  if (hours === 24) return '1 天'
+  if (hours % 24 === 0) return `${hours / 24} 天`
+  return `${hours} 小时`
+}
+
 function formatRate(bytesPerSecond: number): string {
   if (bytesPerSecond < 1024) return `${bytesPerSecond.toFixed(0)} B/s`
   if (bytesPerSecond < 1024 * 1024) return `${(bytesPerSecond / 1024).toFixed(1)} KB/s`
@@ -1469,6 +1806,7 @@ function TrafficBar({ container }: { container: Container }) {
 
 function getTemplateIcon(id: string): ReactNode {
   const size = 'w-6 h-6'
+  id = id.startsWith('kvm-') ? id.slice(4) : id
   if (id.startsWith('debian')) return <svg className={size} viewBox="0 0 1024 1024"><path d="M935.473 375.359a558.602 558.602 0 0 0-22.351-114.655l13.308 4.436c-35.66-81.385-90.086-163.623-153.556-199.282-8.701-5.118-35.147 4.948-26.616-12.113s-37.536-8.19-56.816-4.778c-26.275 4.266-30.028-29.175-75.071-35.83-25.593-3.582-32.247 18.427-44.702 13.309-23.545-9.384-20.816-27.64-57.669-9.384-18.427 9.042 11.602-26.105-49.138-4.607L457.744 0C349.23 41.63 318.69 76.266 288.15 79.337c-6.996 0-34.124 32.759-53.574 53.062-17.062 17.062-26.275 36.512-49.138 39.583l-17.062 70.636A136.494 136.494 0 0 0 119.41 339.7a66.711 66.711 0 0 1 4.436-52.892c-17.062 6.825-45.896 17.062-29.687 96.91 12.796 63.13-5.29 135.13 10.066 204.742 4.777 20.986 0 40.095 6.142 51.185 107.66 235.794 208.836 392.08 472.44 384.06l4.436-8.872c-28.152-6.825-55.11-17.062-111.584-30.711-18.597-4.436-23.033-34.124-40.265-44.19-9.384-5.46-28.323-4.095-37.195-9.896s4.266-21.668-19.962-14.332c-8.531 2.56-13.82-10.92-20.133-17.061s0-23.716-23.375-24.74-18.426-29.687-19.791-44.702c-12.114 1.536-1.195-1.535-13.308 4.436a63.64 63.64 0 0 1-23.887-31.735c-10.237-48.967-10.578-21.497-15.014-32.417a322.297 322.297 0 0 0-19.28-42.142l26.787 8.872h4.436l4.436-13.309-26.616-8.701h31.223c-7.678 13.99 2.047 5.29-13.479 8.872v13.308l22.35-8.872v-13.308c-20.644-10.237-28.663-13.308-49.137-22.01l9.043 8.872v4.436h-49.138c-22.01-14.843-13.99-31.734-17.915-53.062 17.062 0 9.213 6.655 17.062-13.137l-17.062 8.872 13.308-33.953-13.308 13.138c-29.176-38.73-16.209-97.764-11.943-152.02A180.684 180.684 0 0 1 211.2 372.97c8.872-10.067 5.119-25.251 5.46-37.195l31.223-26.445H265.8c7.678 17.061 4.777 5.46 0 22.01l8.872 4.435c7.166-8.701 6.142-5.971 8.872-22.01-10.066-10.578-6.995-9.895-26.616-13.308A119.432 119.432 0 0 1 368.51 243.13l4.436-13.308-17.915 9.043-4.436-13.138a109.536 109.536 0 0 1 76.095-27.128c6.313 0 6.996-17.062 12.797-19.45 161.574-60.57 309.33 9.383 371.093 147.413a324.173 324.173 0 0 1 8.19 34.123c17.061 56.987-7.167 121.48 9.725 155.604-7.849 36-36.683 13.82-40.266 30.881-8.531 41.29-14.844 59.717-40.778 78.826a196.38 196.38 0 0 1-30.711 22.35 84.285 84.285 0 0 0 22.35-39.753c-106.294 111.584-262.58 63.981-290.049-105.954a101.176 101.176 0 0 1 35.147-93.157c92.987-87.527 150.144-52.38 205.765-20.474l-8.872-30.711c-32.93-24.398-17.062-19.792-9.043-57.328v-4.436l-17.915-13.137c2.56 10.066 1.024 5.289 9.043 17.061-4.436 16.039 0 9.043-8.872 17.062-15.014 9.725-23.716 7.337-44.702 4.436l4.436-13.308-13.308-13.308c0 11.773-4.095 2.73 0 17.062-126.086 9.896-218.05 80.02-178.636 260.191a220.608 220.608 0 0 0 8.872 44.19l-8.872 8.702-4.436-26.446h-13.48l-4.435 13.308c-12.626-25.763-0.853 10.75 40.265 52.892a149.29 149.29 0 0 0 12.797 12.625c47.773 34.124 113.29 81.385 201.328 49.138h9.043v-4.436l-102.37-13.308-4.436-8.701c106.806 24.74 176.93-8.531 236.646-48.456 13.138-17.062 11.431-24.057 22.18-9.043 19.28-17.061 3.925-26.786 13.48-44.019 6.483-11.772 32.587-17.062 44.7-35.318l40.096-136.494h-17.062c3.071-14.332 22.522-34.123-4.436-48.455-2.559-1.536 9.043-1.365 8.872-4.266a145.537 145.537 0 0 0-22.18-66.37c33.1 21.669 36.342 68.247 53.574 105.783v8.872h4.436V375.36zM453.308 595.455l-9.555-26.446 62.446 57.328zM146.196 211.736l-23.204-4.436v39.754c16.72-10.578 18.939-10.407 22.35-35.318z m574.981 176.419a57.498 57.498 0 0 0-17.062 44.19l13.48 8.701a37.877 37.877 0 0 0 4.435-52.891zM868.42 555.872c26.275-11.602 54.598-58.01 35.83-97.081l-35.83 96.91z m-174.03-79.508c-15.697 11.773-19.791 13.308-22.35 39.754l13.307 8.872 17.915-8.872a60.228 60.228 0 0 0 4.436-48.455c-8.36 13.478-2.559 20.644-13.308 8.701z m-67.053 79.508c15.868-10.92 11.944-14.844 17.915-22.18v-4.778a292.097 292.097 0 0 1-62.446 0c-13.137-13.99-13.308-29.346-31.223-39.583 17.062 35.147 3.242 38.218 31.223 61.764a158.162 158.162 0 0 0 40.095 4.436c1.536 0-6.824-1.024 4.436 0zM207.79 520.554H194.31l-8.872 8.702c9.555 10.237 5.46 7.166 13.308-4.436L212.225 547l4.436-17.062-8.872-8.701z m17.062 57.328l4.436-8.873c-10.067-8.701 0-3.583-13.308 0l-13.309-17.061 4.436 17.061v8.873h17.062z" fill="#CE0C48"/></svg>
   if (id.startsWith('ubuntu')) return <svg className={size} viewBox="0 0 1024 1024"><circle cx="512" cy="512" r="511" fill="#DD4814"/><path d="M164.532 442.532c-37.676 0-68.2 30.524-68.2 68.2 0 37.656 30.524 68.184 68.2 68.184 37.66 0 68.184-30.528 68.184-68.184 0-37.676-30.524-68.2-68.184-68.2z m486.86 309.912c-32.612 18.84-43.8 60.52-24.96 93.116 18.82 32.616 60.5 43.796 93.116 24.96 32.612-18.82 43.796-60.5 24.96-93.12-18.82-32.592-60.524-43.772-93.116-24.956z m-338.744-241.712c0-67.384 33.472-126.92 84.684-162.968L347.48 264.268c-59.656 39.88-104.048 100.816-122.496 172.188 21.528 17.56 35.304 44.3 35.304 74.272 0 29.956-13.776 56.696-35.304 74.26C243.408 656.376 287.8 717.32 347.48 757.2l49.852-83.52c-51.212-36.028-84.684-95.56-84.684-162.948z m199.168-199.188c104.052 0 189.42 79.776 198.38 181.52l97.16-1.432c-4.776-75.112-37.592-142.544-88.008-192.128-25.928 9.796-55.88 8.296-81.76-6.624-25.932-14.964-42.192-40.208-46.636-67.608a297.04 297.04 0 0 0-79.14-10.76 295.148 295.148 0 0 0-131.276 30.652l47.38 84.908a198.384 198.384 0 0 1 83.9-18.528z m0 398.36a198.404 198.404 0 0 1-83.896-18.528l-47.38 84.9a294.848 294.848 0 0 0 131.28 30.684 296.16 296.16 0 0 0 79.136-10.788c4.444-27.4 20.708-52.62 46.632-67.608 25.904-14.948 55.836-16.42 81.76-6.624 50.42-49.584 83.232-117.016 88.016-192.128l-97.188-1.432c-8.94 101.772-94.304 181.52-198.36 181.52z m139.552-440.924c32.616 18.832 74.3 7.68 93.116-24.936 18.84-32.616 7.68-74.3-24.936-93.14-32.616-18.816-74.296-7.64-93.14 24.976-18.812 32.6-7.632 74.28 24.96 93.1z" fill="#FFF"/></svg>
   if (id.startsWith('alpine')) return <svg className={size} viewBox="0 0 1024 1024"><path d="M255.914667 68.565333L0 512l255.914667 443.434667h512.170666L1024 512 768.085333 68.565333H255.914667zM425.173333 303.786667L540.16 422.4l68.181333 68.053333 0.085334-0.085333 102.826666 100.821333c-8.533333 5.973333-16.469333 10.752-24.021333 14.677334a160.256 160.256 0 0 1-21.162667 9.258666 115.285333 115.285333 0 0 1-18.133333 4.736c-5.589333 0.981333-10.666667 1.450667-15.274667 1.450667-5.546667 0-10.325333-0.597333-14.421333-1.450667a56.192 56.192 0 0 1-10.24-3.072 40.533333 40.533333 0 0 1-8.533333-4.821333l-45.312-46.592-129.664-129.749333-46.933334 44.928-130.986666 131.072a41.557333 41.557333 0 0 1-8.533334 4.736 54.357333 54.357333 0 0 1-10.112 3.114666 70.826667 70.826667 0 0 1-14.421333 1.408c-4.608 0-9.685333-0.384-15.274667-1.322666a115.2 115.2 0 0 1-18.133333-4.864 159.914667 159.914667 0 0 1-21.162667-9.258667 223.061333 223.061333 0 0 1-24.021333-14.634667L425.173333 303.786667z m201.386667 33.493333l195.370667 196.181333 58.965333 57.728a223.573333 223.573333 0 0 1-24.064 14.677334 159.146667 159.146667 0 0 1-21.077333 9.258666 115.072 115.072 0 0 1-18.176 4.736c-5.546667 0.981333-10.709333 1.450667-15.36 1.450667-5.504 0-10.282667-0.597333-14.378667-1.450667a54.826667 54.826667 0 0 1-16.426667-6.229333 10.197333 10.197333 0 0 1-2.261333-1.706667l-52.565333-51.968-90.069334-90.069333-14.250666 14.250667L545.706667 418.133333l80.896-80.938666z m-254.549333 175.786667v107.904a90.794667 90.794667 0 0 1-15.189334-1.493334 117.973333 117.973333 0 0 1-18.005333-4.949333 158.208 158.208 0 0 1-20.821333-9.130667 222.592 222.592 0 0 1-23.68-14.506666l77.653333-77.866667z" fill="#0D597F"/></svg>

frontend/src/pages/Containers.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { useCallback, useEffect, useState, type ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState, type ReactNode } from 'react'
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom'
 import {
   ArrowDown,
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   Plus,
   RefreshCw,
   RotateCcw,
+  Search,
   Server,
   Square,
   Trash2,
@@ -46,6 +47,12 @@ export default function Containers() {
   const [showTasks, setShowTasks] = useState(false)
   const [tasks, setTasks] = useState<Task[]>([])
   const [queuedCreates, setQueuedCreates] = useState<Record<string, CreateContainerRequest>>({})
+  const [searchText, setSearchText] = useState('')
+  const [typeFilter, setTypeFilter] = useState('all')
+  const [systemFilter, setSystemFilter] = useState('all')
+  const [statusFilter, setStatusFilter] = useState('all')
+  const [page, setPage] = useState(1)
+  const [pageSize, setPageSize] = useState(10)
 
   const refreshUsage = useCallback(async (items: Container[]) => {
     const targets = items.filter((container) => container.status === 'running')
@@ -102,18 +109,6 @@ export default function Containers() {
     })
   }
 
-  const toggleAll = () => {
-    const selectableIDs = displayContainers
-      .filter((container) => !container.isPlaceholder && !taskStatusMap[container.id] && !taskNameMap[container.name])
-      .map((container) => container.id)
-
-    if (selected.size === selectableIDs.length) {
-      setSelected(new Set())
-    } else {
-      setSelected(new Set(selectableIDs))
-    }
-  }
-
   // Map of container_id -> current task status.
   // For create tasks, container_id may be 0 initially but gets set after creation,
   // so we also index by container_name as fallback for placeholder items.
@@ -170,6 +165,45 @@ export default function Containers() {
 
   const displayContainers = buildDisplayContainers(containers, queuedCreates, tasks)
   const activeTaskCount = tasks.filter((task) => task.status === 'pending' || task.status === 'running').length
+  const systemOptions = useMemo(() => buildSystemOptions(displayContainers), [displayContainers])
+  const filteredContainers = useMemo(() => {
+    return filterContainers(displayContainers, {
+      search: searchText,
+      type: typeFilter,
+      system: systemFilter,
+      status: statusFilter,
+      taskStatusMap,
+      taskNameMap,
+    })
+  }, [displayContainers, searchText, typeFilter, systemFilter, statusFilter, tasks])
+  const totalPages = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(filteredContainers.length / pageSize))
+  const currentPage = Math.min(page, totalPages)
+  const pageStart = (currentPage - 1) * pageSize
+  const pageContainers = filteredContainers.slice(pageStart, pageStart + pageSize)
+  const selectableIDs = filteredContainers
+    .filter((container) => !container.isPlaceholder && !taskStatusMap[container.id] && !taskNameMap[container.name])
+    .map((container) => container.id)
+  const allFilteredSelected = selectableIDs.length > 0 && selectableIDs.every((id) => selected.has(id))
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setPage(1)
+  }, [searchText, typeFilter, systemFilter, statusFilter, pageSize])
+
+  const toggleAll = () => {
+    if (allFilteredSelected) {
+      setSelected((prev) => {
+        const next = new Set(prev)
+        selectableIDs.forEach((id) => next.delete(id))
+        return next
+      })
+    } else {
+      setSelected((prev) => {
+        const next = new Set(prev)
+        selectableIDs.forEach((id) => next.add(id))
+        return next
+      })
+    }
+  }
 
   const handleCreateQueued = async (items: CreateContainerRequest[]) => {
     setQueuedCreates((current) => {
@@ -193,29 +227,16 @@ export default function Containers() {
 
   return (
     <div className="space-y-6">
-      <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-        <div>
+      <div className="flex flex-wrap items-start justify-between gap-3">
+        <div className="min-w-[180px]">
           <h1 className="text-2xl font-bold text-black">容器管理</h1>
-          <p className="text-sm text-gray-500 mt-1">共 {displayContainers.length} 个容器{selected.size > 0 && `，已选 ${selected.size} 个`}</p>
+          <p className="text-sm text-gray-500 mt-1">
+            共 {displayContainers.length} 个容器
+            {filteredContainers.length !== displayContainers.length && `，筛选后 ${filteredContainers.length} 个`}
+            {selected.size > 0 && `，已选 ${selected.size} 个`}
+          </p>
         </div>
-        <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-          {selected.size > 0 && (
-            <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 bg-gray-50 border border-gray-200 rounded-md px-3 py-1.5">
-              <span className="text-xs text-gray-500 mr-1">{selected.size} 个</span>
-              <button onClick={() => handleBatchAction('start')} disabled={batchLoading || hasActiveTasks(tasks)} className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 px-2.5 py-1 text-xs text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-200 rounded border border-gray-300 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed">
-                <Play className="w-3 h-3" />{batchLoading ? '执行中...' : '开机'}
-              </button>
-              <button onClick={() => handleBatchAction('stop')} disabled={batchLoading || hasActiveTasks(tasks)} className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 px-2.5 py-1 text-xs text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-200 rounded border border-gray-300 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed">
-                <Square className="w-3 h-3" />{batchLoading ? '执行中...' : '关机'}
-              </button>
-              <button onClick={() => handleBatchAction('restart')} disabled={batchLoading || hasActiveTasks(tasks)} className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 px-2.5 py-1 text-xs text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-200 rounded border border-gray-300 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed">
-                <RotateCcw className="w-3 h-3" />{batchLoading ? '执行中...' : '重启'}
-              </button>
-              <button onClick={() => handleBatchAction('delete')} disabled={batchLoading || hasActiveTasks(tasks)} className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 px-2.5 py-1 text-xs text-red-600 hover:bg-red-50 rounded border border-red-200 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed">
-                <Trash2 className="w-3 h-3" />{batchLoading ? '执行中...' : '删除'}
-              </button>
-            </div>
-          )}
+        <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-end gap-2">
           <button
             onClick={handleRefreshList}
             disabled={refreshing}
@@ -249,6 +270,84 @@ export default function Containers() {
         </div>
       </div>
 
+      {displayContainers.length > 0 && (
+        <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2">
+          <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+            <div className="relative w-[260px]">
+              <Search className="pointer-events-none absolute left-2.5 top-1/2 h-3.5 w-3.5 -translate-y-1/2 text-gray-400" />
+              <input
+                value={searchText}
+                onChange={(event) => setSearchText(event.target.value)}
+                className="h-8 w-full rounded-md border border-gray-300 bg-white pl-8 pr-2 text-xs text-black outline-none focus:border-black focus:ring-2 focus:ring-black"
+                placeholder="搜索名称、ID、UUID、IP"
+              />
+            </div>
+            <select
+              value={typeFilter}
+              onChange={(event) => setTypeFilter(event.target.value)}
+              className="h-8 rounded-md border border-gray-300 bg-white px-2 text-xs text-gray-700 outline-none focus:border-black focus:ring-2 focus:ring-black"
+              title="类型筛选"
+            >
+              <option value="all">全部类型</option>
+              <option value="lxc">LXC</option>
+              <option value="kvm">KVM</option>
+            </select>
+            <select
+              value={systemFilter}
+              onChange={(event) => setSystemFilter(event.target.value)}
+              className="h-8 rounded-md border border-gray-300 bg-white px-2 text-xs text-gray-700 outline-none focus:border-black focus:ring-2 focus:ring-black"
+              title="系统筛选"
+            >
+              <option value="all">全部系统</option>
+              {systemOptions.map((option) => (
+                <option key={option.value} value={option.value}>{option.label}</option>
+              ))}
+            </select>
+            <select
+              value={statusFilter}
+              onChange={(event) => setStatusFilter(event.target.value)}
+              className="h-8 rounded-md border border-gray-300 bg-white px-2 text-xs text-gray-700 outline-none focus:border-black focus:ring-2 focus:ring-black"
+              title="状态筛选"
+            >
+              <option value="all">全部状态</option>
+              <option value="running">在线</option>
+              <option value="stopped">离线</option>
+              <option value="task">任务中</option>
+              <option value="creating">创建中</option>
+              <option value="failed">失败</option>
+            </select>
+            <select
+              value={pageSize}
+              onChange={(event) => setPageSize(Number(event.target.value))}
+              className="h-8 rounded-md border border-gray-300 bg-white px-2 text-xs text-gray-700 outline-none focus:border-black focus:ring-2 focus:ring-black"
+              title="每页数量"
+            >
+              <option value={10}>10 / 页</option>
+              <option value={20}>20 / 页</option>
+              <option value={50}>50 / 页</option>
+            </select>
+          </div>
+
+          {selected.size > 0 && (
+            <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-end gap-1.5">
+              <span className="text-xs text-gray-500">{selected.size} 个</span>
+              <button onClick={() => handleBatchAction('start')} disabled={batchLoading || hasActiveTasks(tasks)} className="inline-flex h-8 items-center gap-1 px-2.5 text-xs text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 rounded border border-gray-300 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed">
+                <Play className="w-3 h-3" />{batchLoading ? '执行中...' : '开机'}
+              </button>
+              <button onClick={() => handleBatchAction('stop')} disabled={batchLoading || hasActiveTasks(tasks)} className="inline-flex h-8 items-center gap-1 px-2.5 text-xs text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 rounded border border-gray-300 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed">
+                <Square className="w-3 h-3" />{batchLoading ? '执行中...' : '关机'}
+              </button>
+              <button onClick={() => handleBatchAction('restart')} disabled={batchLoading || hasActiveTasks(tasks)} className="inline-flex h-8 items-center gap-1 px-2.5 text-xs text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 rounded border border-gray-300 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed">
+                <RotateCcw className="w-3 h-3" />{batchLoading ? '执行中...' : '重启'}
+              </button>
+              <button onClick={() => handleBatchAction('delete')} disabled={batchLoading || hasActiveTasks(tasks)} className="inline-flex h-8 items-center gap-1 px-2.5 text-xs text-red-600 hover:bg-red-50 rounded border border-red-200 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed">
+                <Trash2 className="w-3 h-3" />{batchLoading ? '执行中...' : '删除'}
+              </button>
+            </div>
+          )}
+        </div>
+      )}
+
       {displayContainers.length === 0 ? (
         <div className="bg-white border border-gray-200 rounded-lg p-12 text-center">
           <div className="w-16 h-16 bg-gray-100 rounded-lg flex items-center justify-center mx-auto mb-4">
@@ -260,14 +359,15 @@ export default function Containers() {
       ) : (
         <div className="bg-white border border-gray-200 rounded-lg overflow-hidden">
           <div className="overflow-x-auto">
-            <table className="w-full min-w-[1200px]">
+            <table className="w-full min-w-[1260px]">
               <thead>
                 <tr className="border-b border-gray-200 bg-gray-50">
                   <th className="w-10 px-3 py-3">
                     {!isSubUser && (
                       <input
                         type="checkbox"
-                        checked={displayContainers.length > 0 && selected.size === displayContainers.filter((container) => !container.isPlaceholder && !taskStatusMap[container.id] && !taskNameMap[container.name]).length}
+                        checked={allFilteredSelected}
+                        disabled={selectableIDs.length === 0}
                         onChange={toggleAll}
                         className="w-4 h-4 rounded border-gray-300 text-black focus:ring-black accent-black"
                       />
@@ -277,6 +377,7 @@ export default function Containers() {
                   <TableHead>名称</TableHead>
                   <TableHead>状态</TableHead>
                   <TableHead>系统</TableHead>
+                  <TableHead>类型</TableHead>
                   <TableHead icon><Cpu className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />CPU</TableHead>
                   <TableHead icon><MemoryStick className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />MEMORY</TableHead>
                   <TableHead icon><HardDrive className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />DISK</TableHead>
@@ -287,7 +388,7 @@ export default function Containers() {
                 </tr>
               </thead>
               <tbody className="divide-y divide-gray-100">
-                {displayContainers.map((container) => {
+                {pageContainers.map((container) => {
                   const isRunning = container.status === 'running'
                   const task = (container.id > 0 ? taskStatusMap[container.id] : taskNameMap[container.name]) || container.createTask
                   const isPlaceholder = !!container.isPlaceholder
@@ -337,6 +438,9 @@ export default function Containers() {
                           {getTemplateName(container.template)}
                         </span>
                       </td>
+                      <td className="px-2.5 py-2 align-top">
+                        <RuntimeBadge runtime={container.virtualization || 'lxc'} />
+                      </td>
                       <td className="px-2.5 py-2 align-top">
                         <ProgressCell pct={cpuPct} />
                       </td>
@@ -398,10 +502,54 @@ export default function Containers() {
               </tbody>
             </table>
           </div>
+          {filteredContainers.length === 0 ? (
+            <div className="border-t border-gray-100 px-4 py-10 text-center text-sm text-gray-500">
+              没有匹配的容器
+            </div>
+          ) : (
+            <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-3 border-t border-gray-100 px-4 py-3">
+              <div className="text-xs text-gray-500">
+                显示 {pageStart + 1}-{Math.min(pageStart + pageSize, filteredContainers.length)} / {filteredContainers.length}
+              </div>
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-1">
+                <button
+                  onClick={() => setPage(1)}
+                  disabled={currentPage === 1}
+                  className="rounded border border-gray-200 px-2.5 py-1.5 text-xs text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-50 disabled:opacity-40"
+                >
+                  首页
+                </button>
+                <button
+                  onClick={() => setPage((value) => Math.max(1, value - 1))}
+                  disabled={currentPage === 1}
+                  className="rounded border border-gray-200 px-2.5 py-1.5 text-xs text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-50 disabled:opacity-40"
+                >
+                  上一页
+                </button>
+                <span className="px-2 text-xs text-gray-500">
+                  {currentPage} / {totalPages}
+                </span>
+                <button
+                  onClick={() => setPage((value) => Math.min(totalPages, value + 1))}
+                  disabled={currentPage === totalPages}
+                  className="rounded border border-gray-200 px-2.5 py-1.5 text-xs text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-50 disabled:opacity-40"
+                >
+                  下一页
+                </button>
+                <button
+                  onClick={() => setPage(totalPages)}
+                  disabled={currentPage === totalPages}
+                  className="rounded border border-gray-200 px-2.5 py-1.5 text-xs text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-50 disabled:opacity-40"
+                >
+                  末页
+                </button>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          )}
         </div>
       )}
 
-      <CreateContainerModal isOpen={showCreate} onClose={() => setShowCreate(false)} onSuccess={handleCreateQueued} />
+      <CreateContainerModal isOpen={showCreate} onClose={() => setShowCreate(false)} onSuccess={handleCreateQueued} existingNames={containers.map(c => c.name)} />
       {showTasks && (
         <TaskQueueModal
           tasks={tasks}
@@ -484,6 +632,15 @@ function StatusBadge({ running, task, placeholder }: { running: boolean; task?:
   )
 }
 
+function RuntimeBadge({ runtime }: { runtime: string }) {
+  const normalized = runtime === 'kvm' ? 'kvm' : 'lxc'
+  return (
+    <span className={`inline-flex rounded px-2 py-0.5 text-[11px] font-medium ${normalized === 'kvm' ? 'bg-indigo-50 text-indigo-700' : 'bg-gray-100 text-gray-700'}`}>
+      {normalized.toUpperCase()}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
 function buildDisplayContainers(
   containers: Container[],
   queuedCreates: Record<string, CreateContainerRequest>,
@@ -515,6 +672,7 @@ function toPlaceholder(cfg: CreateContainerRequest): DisplayContainer {
     id: 0,
     uuid: '',
     name: cfg.name,
+    virtualization: cfg.virtualization || 'lxc',
     template: cfg.template_id,
     vcpu: cfg.vcpu,
     ram_mb: cfg.ram_mb,
@@ -538,8 +696,15 @@ function toPlaceholder(cfg: CreateContainerRequest): DisplayContainer {
     ssh_password: '',
     port_mappings: [],
     port_mapping_limit: 2,
+    snapshot_limit: cfg.snapshot_limit || 3,
     created_at: '',
     expires_at: cfg.expires_at,
+    snapshot_schedule_enabled: false,
+    snapshot_schedule_interval_hours: 24,
+    snapshot_schedule_time: '03:00',
+    snapshot_schedule_last_run: '',
+    snapshot_schedule_next_run: '',
+    snapshot_schedule_created_by: '',
     isPlaceholder: true,
   }
 }
@@ -578,6 +743,90 @@ function hasActiveTasks(tasks: Task[]) {
   return tasks.some((task) => task.status === 'pending' || task.status === 'running')
 }
 
+type ContainerFilters = {
+  search: string
+  type: string
+  system: string
+  status: string
+  taskStatusMap: Record<number, Task>
+  taskNameMap: Record<string, Task>
+}
+
+function filterContainers(containers: DisplayContainer[], filters: ContainerFilters): DisplayContainer[] {
+  const keyword = filters.search.trim().toLowerCase()
+  return containers.filter((container) => {
+    const task = (container.id > 0 ? filters.taskStatusMap[container.id] : filters.taskNameMap[container.name]) || container.createTask
+    if (filters.system !== 'all' && getSystemFilterValue(container.template) !== filters.system) {
+      return false
+    }
+    if (filters.type !== 'all' && (container.virtualization || 'lxc') !== filters.type) {
+      return false
+    }
+    if (filters.status !== 'all' && getContainerStatusFilterValue(container, task) !== filters.status) {
+      return false
+    }
+    if (!keyword) return true
+
+    const fields = [
+      String(container.id),
+      container.name,
+      container.uuid,
+      container.ip,
+      container.ipv6,
+      container.template,
+      container.virtualization || 'lxc',
+      getTemplateName(container.template),
+      getSystemFilterLabel(getSystemFilterValue(container.template)),
+      String(container.ssh_port || ''),
+    ]
+    return fields.some((field) => field.toLowerCase().includes(keyword))
+  })
+}
+
+function buildSystemOptions(containers: DisplayContainer[]) {
+  const systems = new Map<string, string>()
+  for (const container of containers) {
+    const value = getSystemFilterValue(container.template)
+    systems.set(value, getSystemFilterLabel(value))
+  }
+  return Array.from(systems.entries())
+    .map(([value, label]) => ({ value, label }))
+    .sort((a, b) => a.label.localeCompare(b.label))
+}
+
+function getSystemFilterValue(template: string) {
+  const normalized = template.startsWith('kvm-') ? template.slice(4) : template
+  if (normalized.startsWith('ubuntu')) return 'ubuntu'
+  if (normalized.startsWith('debian')) return 'debian'
+  if (normalized.startsWith('alpine')) return 'alpine'
+  if (normalized.startsWith('centos')) return 'centos'
+  if (normalized.startsWith('archlinux')) return 'archlinux'
+  if (normalized.startsWith('fedora')) return 'fedora'
+  if (normalized.startsWith('rockylinux')) return 'rockylinux'
+  return normalized || 'unknown'
+}
+
+function getSystemFilterLabel(system: string) {
+  const labels: Record<string, string> = {
+    ubuntu: 'Ubuntu',
+    debian: 'Debian',
+    alpine: 'Alpine',
+    centos: 'CentOS',
+    archlinux: 'Arch Linux',
+    fedora: 'Fedora',
+    rockylinux: 'Rocky Linux',
+    unknown: '未知系统',
+  }
+  return labels[system] || system
+}
+
+function getContainerStatusFilterValue(container: DisplayContainer, task?: Task) {
+  if (task?.status === 'failed') return 'failed'
+  if (container.isPlaceholder || task?.type === 'create') return 'creating'
+  if (task && task.status !== 'done' && task.status !== 'failed') return 'task'
+  return container.status === 'running' ? 'running' : 'stopped'
+}
+
 function taskLineLabel(task: Task, actionLabels: Record<string, string>) {
   if (task.status === 'failed') return task.type === 'create' ? '初始化失败' : '处理失败'
   if (task.type === 'create' && task.status === 'done') return '初始化完成'
@@ -690,12 +939,18 @@ function getTemplateName(id: string) {
     'archlinux-current': 'Arch Linux',
     'fedora-44': 'Fedora 44',
     'rockylinux-10': 'Rocky 10',
+    'kvm-ubuntu-noble': 'Ubuntu 24.04',
+    'kvm-ubuntu-jammy': 'Ubuntu 22.04',
+    'kvm-debian-bookworm': 'Debian 12',
+    'kvm-debian-bullseye': 'Debian 11',
+    'kvm-rockylinux-9': 'Rocky 9',
   }
   return map[id] || id
 }
 
 function getTemplateIcon(id: string): ReactNode {
   const size = 'w-4 h-4'
+  id = id.startsWith('kvm-') ? id.slice(4) : id
   if (id.startsWith('debian')) return <svg className={size} viewBox="0 0 1024 1024"><path d="M935.473 375.359a558.602 558.602 0 0 0-22.351-114.655l13.308 4.436c-35.66-81.385-90.086-163.623-153.556-199.282-8.701-5.118-35.147 4.948-26.616-12.113s-37.536-8.19-56.816-4.778c-26.275 4.266-30.028-29.175-75.071-35.83-25.593-3.582-32.247 18.427-44.702 13.309-23.545-9.384-20.816-27.64-57.669-9.384-18.427 9.042 11.602-26.105-49.138-4.607L457.744 0C349.23 41.63 318.69 76.266 288.15 79.337c-6.996 0-34.124 32.759-53.574 53.062-17.062 17.062-26.275 36.512-49.138 39.583l-17.062 70.636A136.494 136.494 0 0 0 119.41 339.7a66.711 66.711 0 0 1 4.436-52.892c-17.062 6.825-45.896 17.062-29.687 96.91 12.796 63.13-5.29 135.13 10.066 204.742 4.777 20.986 0 40.095 6.142 51.185 107.66 235.794 208.836 392.08 472.44 384.06l4.436-8.872c-28.152-6.825-55.11-17.062-111.584-30.711-18.597-4.436-23.033-34.124-40.265-44.19-9.384-5.46-28.323-4.095-37.195-9.896s4.266-21.668-19.962-14.332c-8.531 2.56-13.82-10.92-20.133-17.061s0-23.716-23.375-24.74-18.426-29.687-19.791-44.702c-12.114 1.536-1.195-1.535-13.308 4.436a63.64 63.64 0 0 1-23.887-31.735c-10.237-48.967-10.578-21.497-15.014-32.417a322.297 322.297 0 0 0-19.28-42.142l26.787 8.872h4.436l4.436-13.309-26.616-8.701h31.223c-7.678 13.99 2.047 5.29-13.479 8.872v13.308l22.35-8.872v-13.308c-20.644-10.237-28.663-13.308-49.137-22.01l9.043 8.872v4.436h-49.138c-22.01-14.843-13.99-31.734-17.915-53.062 17.062 0 9.213 6.655 17.062-13.137l-17.062 8.872 13.308-33.953-13.308 13.138c-29.176-38.73-16.209-97.764-11.943-152.02A180.684 180.684 0 0 1 211.2 372.97c8.872-10.067 5.119-25.251 5.46-37.195l31.223-26.445H265.8c7.678 17.061 4.777 5.46 0 22.01l8.872 4.435c7.166-8.701 6.142-5.971 8.872-22.01-10.066-10.578-6.995-9.895-26.616-13.308A119.432 119.432 0 0 1 368.51 243.13l4.436-13.308-17.915 9.043-4.436-13.138a109.536 109.536 0 0 1 76.095-27.128c6.313 0 6.996-17.062 12.797-19.45 161.574-60.57 309.33 9.383 371.093 147.413a324.173 324.173 0 0 1 8.19 34.123c17.061 56.987-7.167 121.48 9.725 155.604-7.849 36-36.683 13.82-40.266 30.881-8.531 41.29-14.844 59.717-40.778 78.826a196.38 196.38 0 0 1-30.711 22.35 84.285 84.285 0 0 0 22.35-39.753c-106.294 111.584-262.58 63.981-290.049-105.954a101.176 101.176 0 0 1 35.147-93.157c92.987-87.527 150.144-52.38 205.765-20.474l-8.872-30.711c-32.93-24.398-17.062-19.792-9.043-57.328v-4.436l-17.915-13.137c2.56 10.066 1.024 5.289 9.043 17.061-4.436 16.039 0 9.043-8.872 17.062-15.014 9.725-23.716 7.337-44.702 4.436l4.436-13.308-13.308-13.308c0 11.773-4.095 2.73 0 17.062-126.086 9.896-218.05 80.02-178.636 260.191a220.608 220.608 0 0 0 8.872 44.19l-8.872 8.702-4.436-26.446h-13.48l-4.435 13.308c-12.626-25.763-0.853 10.75 40.265 52.892a149.29 149.29 0 0 0 12.797 12.625c47.773 34.124 113.29 81.385 201.328 49.138h9.043v-4.436l-102.37-13.308-4.436-8.701c106.806 24.74 176.93-8.531 236.646-48.456 13.138-17.062 11.431-24.057 22.18-9.043 19.28-17.061 3.925-26.786 13.48-44.019 6.483-11.772 32.587-17.062 44.7-35.318l40.096-136.494h-17.062c3.071-14.332 22.522-34.123-4.436-48.455-2.559-1.536 9.043-1.365 8.872-4.266a145.537 145.537 0 0 0-22.18-66.37c33.1 21.669 36.342 68.247 53.574 105.783v8.872h4.436V375.36zM453.308 595.455l-9.555-26.446 62.446 57.328zM146.196 211.736l-23.204-4.436v39.754c16.72-10.578 18.939-10.407 22.35-35.318z m574.981 176.419a57.498 57.498 0 0 0-17.062 44.19l13.48 8.701a37.877 37.877 0 0 0 4.435-52.891zM868.42 555.872c26.275-11.602 54.598-58.01 35.83-97.081l-35.83 96.91z m-174.03-79.508c-15.697 11.773-19.791 13.308-22.35 39.754l13.307 8.872 17.915-8.872a60.228 60.228 0 0 0 4.436-48.455c-8.36 13.478-2.559 20.644-13.308 8.701z m-67.053 79.508c15.868-10.92 11.944-14.844 17.915-22.18v-4.778a292.097 292.097 0 0 1-62.446 0c-13.137-13.99-13.308-29.346-31.223-39.583 17.062 35.147 3.242 38.218 31.223 61.764a158.162 158.162 0 0 0 40.095 4.436c1.536 0-6.824-1.024 4.436 0zM207.79 520.554H194.31l-8.872 8.702c9.555 10.237 5.46 7.166 13.308-4.436L212.225 547l4.436-17.062-8.872-8.701z m17.062 57.328l4.436-8.873c-10.067-8.701 0-3.583-13.308 0l-13.309-17.061 4.436 17.061v8.873h17.062z" fill="#CE0C48"/></svg>
   if (id.startsWith('ubuntu')) return <svg className={size} viewBox="0 0 1024 1024"><circle cx="512" cy="512" r="511" fill="#DD4814"/><path d="M164.532 442.532c-37.676 0-68.2 30.524-68.2 68.2 0 37.656 30.524 68.184 68.2 68.184 37.66 0 68.184-30.528 68.184-68.184 0-37.676-30.524-68.2-68.184-68.2z m486.86 309.912c-32.612 18.84-43.8 60.52-24.96 93.116 18.82 32.616 60.5 43.796 93.116 24.96 32.612-18.82 43.796-60.5 24.96-93.12-18.82-32.592-60.524-43.772-93.116-24.956z m-338.744-241.712c0-67.384 33.472-126.92 84.684-162.968L347.48 264.268c-59.656 39.88-104.048 100.816-122.496 172.188 21.528 17.56 35.304 44.3 35.304 74.272 0 29.956-13.776 56.696-35.304 74.26C243.408 656.376 287.8 717.32 347.48 757.2l49.852-83.52c-51.212-36.028-84.684-95.56-84.684-162.948z m199.168-199.188c104.052 0 189.42 79.776 198.38 181.52l97.16-1.432c-4.776-75.112-37.592-142.544-88.008-192.128-25.928 9.796-55.88 8.296-81.76-6.624-25.932-14.964-42.192-40.208-46.636-67.608a297.04 297.04 0 0 0-79.14-10.76 295.148 295.148 0 0 0-131.276 30.652l47.38 84.908a198.384 198.384 0 0 1 83.9-18.528z m0 398.36a198.404 198.404 0 0 1-83.896-18.528l-47.38 84.9a294.848 294.848 0 0 0 131.28 30.684 296.16 296.16 0 0 0 79.136-10.788c4.444-27.4 20.708-52.62 46.632-67.608 25.904-14.948 55.836-16.42 81.76-6.624 50.42-49.584 83.232-117.016 88.016-192.128l-97.188-1.432c-8.94 101.772-94.304 181.52-198.36 181.52z m139.552-440.924c32.616 18.832 74.3 7.68 93.116-24.936 18.84-32.616 7.68-74.3-24.936-93.14-32.616-18.816-74.296-7.64-93.14 24.976-18.812 32.6-7.632 74.28 24.96 93.1z" fill="#FFF"/></svg>
   if (id.startsWith('alpine')) return <svg className={size} viewBox="0 0 1024 1024"><path d="M255.914667 68.565333L0 512l255.914667 443.434667h512.170666L1024 512 768.085333 68.565333H255.914667zM425.173333 303.786667L540.16 422.4l68.181333 68.053333 0.085334-0.085333 102.826666 100.821333c-8.533333 5.973333-16.469333 10.752-24.021333 14.677334a160.256 160.256 0 0 1-21.162667 9.258666 115.285333 115.285333 0 0 1-18.133333 4.736c-5.589333 0.981333-10.666667 1.450667-15.274667 1.450667-5.546667 0-10.325333-0.597333-14.421333-1.450667a56.192 56.192 0 0 1-10.24-3.072 40.533333 40.533333 0 0 1-8.533333-4.821333l-45.312-46.592-129.664-129.749333-46.933334 44.928-130.986666 131.072a41.557333 41.557333 0 0 1-8.533334 4.736 54.357333 54.357333 0 0 1-10.112 3.114666 70.826667 70.826667 0 0 1-14.421333 1.408c-4.608 0-9.685333-0.384-15.274667-1.322666a115.2 115.2 0 0 1-18.133333-4.864 159.914667 159.914667 0 0 1-21.162667-9.258667 223.061333 223.061333 0 0 1-24.021333-14.634667L425.173333 303.786667z m201.386667 33.493333l195.370667 196.181333 58.965333 57.728a223.573333 223.573333 0 0 1-24.064 14.677334 159.146667 159.146667 0 0 1-21.077333 9.258666 115.072 115.072 0 0 1-18.176 4.736c-5.546667 0.981333-10.709333 1.450667-15.36 1.450667-5.504 0-10.282667-0.597333-14.378667-1.450667a54.826667 54.826667 0 0 1-16.426667-6.229333 10.197333 10.197333 0 0 1-2.261333-1.706667l-52.565333-51.968-90.069334-90.069333-14.250666 14.250667L545.706667 418.133333l80.896-80.938666z m-254.549333 175.786667v107.904a90.794667 90.794667 0 0 1-15.189334-1.493334 117.973333 117.973333 0 0 1-18.005333-4.949333 158.208 158.208 0 0 1-20.821333-9.130667 222.592 222.592 0 0 1-23.68-14.506666l77.653333-77.866667z" fill="#0D597F"/></svg>

frontend/src/pages/ImageManagement.tsx

@@ -80,6 +80,8 @@ export default function ImageManagement() {
   }
 
   const downloadedCount = images.filter((img) => img.downloaded).length
+  const lxcImages = images.filter((img) => img.type === 'lxc')
+  const kvmImages = images.filter((img) => img.type === 'kvm')
 
   if (loading) {
     return (
@@ -95,7 +97,7 @@ export default function ImageManagement() {
         <div>
           <h1 className="text-2xl font-bold text-black">镜像管理</h1>
           <p className="text-sm text-gray-500 mt-1">
-            管理 LXC 系统镜像模板，下载后的镜像才能用于创建容器。
+            管理 LXC / KVM 系统镜像，下载后的镜像才能用于创建容器/虚拟机。
             已下载 {downloadedCount}/{images.length}
           </p>
         </div>
@@ -115,6 +117,58 @@ export default function ImageManagement() {
         </div>
       )}
 
+      <ImageTable
+        title="LXC 容器镜像"
+        images={lxcImages}
+        actionLoading={actionLoading}
+        downloadedCount={lxcImages.filter((img) => img.downloaded).length}
+        totalCount={lxcImages.length}
+        onDownload={handleDownload}
+        onDelete={handleDelete}
+        onToggle={handleToggle}
+      />
+
+      <ImageTable
+        title="KVM 虚拟机镜像"
+        images={kvmImages}
+        actionLoading={actionLoading}
+        downloadedCount={kvmImages.filter((img) => img.downloaded).length}
+        totalCount={kvmImages.length}
+        onDownload={handleDownload}
+        onDelete={handleDelete}
+        onToggle={handleToggle}
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function ImageTable({
+  title,
+  images,
+  actionLoading,
+  downloadedCount,
+  totalCount,
+  onDownload,
+  onDelete,
+  onToggle,
+}: {
+  title: string
+  images: ImageInfo[]
+  actionLoading: string | null
+  downloadedCount: number
+  totalCount: number
+  onDownload: (id: string) => void
+  onDelete: (id: string) => void
+  onToggle: (id: string, enabled: boolean) => void
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className="space-y-3">
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
+        <h2 className="text-lg font-semibold text-gray-800">{title}</h2>
+        <span className="text-xs text-gray-400">
+          已下载 {downloadedCount}/{totalCount}
+        </span>
+      </div>
       <div className="bg-white border border-gray-200 rounded-lg overflow-hidden">
         <div className="overflow-x-auto">
           <table className="w-full">
@@ -172,7 +226,7 @@ export default function ImageManagement() {
                       <div className="flex items-center justify-end gap-2">
                         {!img.downloaded && !img.downloading && (
                           <button
-                            onClick={() => handleDownload(img.id)}
+                            onClick={() => onDownload(img.id)}
                             disabled={isBusy}
                             className="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 px-3 py-1.5 bg-black text-white rounded-md hover:bg-gray-800 transition-colors text-xs font-medium disabled:opacity-50"
                           >
@@ -195,7 +249,7 @@ export default function ImageManagement() {
                         {img.downloaded && (
                           <>
                             <button
-                              onClick={() => handleToggle(img.id, img.enabled)}
+                              onClick={() => onToggle(img.id, img.enabled)}
                               disabled={isBusy}
                               className={`inline-flex items-center gap-1 px-2.5 py-1.5 rounded-md text-xs font-medium transition-colors disabled:opacity-50 ${
                                 img.enabled
@@ -207,7 +261,7 @@ export default function ImageManagement() {
                               {img.enabled ? '启用' : '禁用'}
                             </button>
                             <button
-                              onClick={() => handleDelete(img.id)}
+                              onClick={() => onDelete(img.id)}
                               disabled={isBusy}
                               className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 px-2.5 py-1.5 rounded-md border border-red-200 text-red-600 hover:bg-red-50 transition-colors text-xs font-medium disabled:opacity-50"
                               title="删除镜像缓存"
@@ -264,6 +318,7 @@ function StatusBadge({ img }: { img: ImageInfo }) {
 
 function getTemplateIcon(id: string): ReactNode {
   const size = 'w-5 h-5'
+  id = id.startsWith('kvm-') ? id.slice(4) : id
   if (id.startsWith('debian')) return <svg className={size} viewBox="0 0 1024 1024"><path d="M935.473 375.359a558.602 558.602 0 0 0-22.351-114.655l13.308 4.436c-35.66-81.385-90.086-163.623-153.556-199.282-8.701-5.118-35.147 4.948-26.616-12.113s-37.536-8.19-56.816-4.778c-26.275 4.266-30.028-29.175-75.071-35.83-25.593-3.582-32.247 18.427-44.702 13.309-23.545-9.384-20.816-27.64-57.669-9.384-18.427 9.042 11.602-26.105-49.138-4.607L457.744 0C349.23 41.63 318.69 76.266 288.15 79.337c-6.996 0-34.124 32.759-53.574 53.062-17.062 17.062-26.275 36.512-49.138 39.583l-17.062 70.636A136.494 136.494 0 0 0 119.41 339.7a66.711 66.711 0 0 1 4.436-52.892c-17.062 6.825-45.896 17.062-29.687 96.91 12.796 63.13-5.29 135.13 10.066 204.742 4.777 20.986 0 40.095 6.142 51.185 107.66 235.794 208.836 392.08 472.44 384.06l4.436-8.872c-28.152-6.825-55.11-17.062-111.584-30.711-18.597-4.436-23.033-34.124-40.265-44.19-9.384-5.46-28.323-4.095-37.195-9.896s4.266-21.668-19.962-14.332c-8.531 2.56-13.82-10.92-20.133-17.061s0-23.716-23.375-24.74-18.426-29.687-19.791-44.702c-12.114 1.536-1.195-1.535-13.308 4.436a63.64 63.64 0 0 1-23.887-31.735c-10.237-48.967-10.578-21.497-15.014-32.417a322.297 322.297 0 0 0-19.28-42.142l26.787 8.872h4.436l4.436-13.309-26.616-8.701h31.223c-7.678 13.99 2.047 5.29-13.479 8.872v13.308l22.35-8.872v-13.308c-20.644-10.237-28.663-13.308-49.137-22.01l9.043 8.872v4.436h-49.138c-22.01-14.843-13.99-31.734-17.915-53.062 17.062 0 9.213 6.655 17.062-13.137l-17.062 8.872 13.308-33.953-13.308 13.138c-29.176-38.73-16.209-97.764-11.943-152.02A180.684 180.684 0 0 1 211.2 372.97c8.872-10.067 5.119-25.251 5.46-37.195l31.223-26.445H265.8c7.678 17.061 4.777 5.46 0 22.01l8.872 4.435c7.166-8.701 6.142-5.971 8.872-22.01-10.066-10.578-6.995-9.895-26.616-13.308A119.432 119.432 0 0 1 368.51 243.13l4.436-13.308-17.915 9.043-4.436-13.138a109.536 109.536 0 0 1 76.095-27.128c6.313 0 6.996-17.062 12.797-19.45 161.574-60.57 309.33 9.383 371.093 147.413a324.173 324.173 0 0 1 8.19 34.123c17.061 56.987-7.167 121.48 9.725 155.604-7.849 36-36.683 13.82-40.266 30.881-8.531 41.29-14.844 59.717-40.778 78.826a196.38 196.38 0 0 1-30.711 22.35 84.285 84.285 0 0 0 22.35-39.753c-106.294 111.584-262.58 63.981-290.049-105.954a101.176 101.176 0 0 1 35.147-93.157c92.987-87.527 150.144-52.38 205.765-20.474l-8.872-30.711c-32.93-24.398-17.062-19.792-9.043-57.328v-4.436l-17.915-13.137c2.56 10.066 1.024 5.289 9.043 17.061-4.436 16.039 0 9.043-8.872 17.062-15.014 9.725-23.716 7.337-44.702 4.436l4.436-13.308-13.308-13.308c0 11.773-4.095 2.73 0 17.062-126.086 9.896-218.05 80.02-178.636 260.191a220.608 220.608 0 0 0 8.872 44.19l-8.872 8.702-4.436-26.446h-13.48l-4.435 13.308c-12.626-25.763-0.853 10.75 40.265 52.892a149.29 149.29 0 0 0 12.797 12.625c47.773 34.124 113.29 81.385 201.328 49.138h9.043v-4.436l-102.37-13.308-4.436-8.701c106.806 24.74 176.93-8.531 236.646-48.456 13.138-17.062 11.431-24.057 22.18-9.043 19.28-17.061 3.925-26.786 13.48-44.019 6.483-11.772 32.587-17.062 44.7-35.318l40.096-136.494h-17.062c3.071-14.332 22.522-34.123-4.436-48.455-2.559-1.536 9.043-1.365 8.872-4.266a145.537 145.537 0 0 0-22.18-66.37c33.1 21.669 36.342 68.247 53.574 105.783v8.872h4.436V375.36zM453.308 595.455l-9.555-26.446 62.446 57.328zM146.196 211.736l-23.204-4.436v39.754c16.72-10.578 18.939-10.407 22.35-35.318z m574.981 176.419a57.498 57.498 0 0 0-17.062 44.19l13.48 8.701a37.877 37.877 0 0 0 4.435-52.891zM868.42 555.872c26.275-11.602 54.598-58.01 35.83-97.081l-35.83 96.91z m-174.03-79.508c-15.697 11.773-19.791 13.308-22.35 39.754l13.307 8.872 17.915-8.872a60.228 60.228 0 0 0 4.436-48.455c-8.36 13.478-2.559 20.644-13.308 8.701z m-67.053 79.508c15.868-10.92 11.944-14.844 17.915-22.18v-4.778a292.097 292.097 0 0 1-62.446 0c-13.137-13.99-13.308-29.346-31.223-39.583 17.062 35.147 3.242 38.218 31.223 61.764a158.162 158.162 0 0 0 40.095 4.436c1.536 0-6.824-1.024 4.436 0zM207.79 520.554H194.31l-8.872 8.702c9.555 10.237 5.46 7.166 13.308-4.436L212.225 547l4.436-17.062-8.872-8.701z m17.062 57.328l4.436-8.873c-10.067-8.701 0-3.583-13.308 0l-13.309-17.061 4.436 17.061v8.873h17.062z" fill="#CE0C48"/></svg>
   if (id.startsWith('ubuntu')) return <svg className={size} viewBox="0 0 1024 1024"><circle cx="512" cy="512" r="511" fill="#DD4814"/><path d="M164.532 442.532c-37.676 0-68.2 30.524-68.2 68.2 0 37.656 30.524 68.184 68.2 68.184 37.66 0 68.184-30.528 68.184-68.184 0-37.676-30.524-68.2-68.184-68.2z m486.86 309.912c-32.612 18.84-43.8 60.52-24.96 93.116 18.82 32.616 60.5 43.796 93.116 24.96 32.612-18.82 43.796-60.5 24.96-93.12-18.82-32.592-60.524-43.772-93.116-24.956z m-338.744-241.712c0-67.384 33.472-126.92 84.684-162.968L347.48 264.268c-59.656 39.88-104.048 100.816-122.496 172.188 21.528 17.56 35.304 44.3 35.304 74.272 0 29.956-13.776 56.696-35.304 74.26C243.408 656.376 287.8 717.32 347.48 757.2l49.852-83.52c-51.212-36.028-84.684-95.56-84.684-162.948z m199.168-199.188c104.052 0 189.42 79.776 198.38 181.52l97.16-1.432c-4.776-75.112-37.592-142.544-88.008-192.128-25.928 9.796-55.88 8.296-81.76-6.624-25.932-14.964-42.192-40.208-46.636-67.608a297.04 297.04 0 0 0-79.14-10.76 295.148 295.148 0 0 0-131.276 30.652l47.38 84.908a198.384 198.384 0 0 1 83.9-18.528z m0 398.36a198.404 198.404 0 0 1-83.896-18.528l-47.38 84.9a294.848 294.848 0 0 0 131.28 30.684 296.16 296.16 0 0 0 79.136-10.788c4.444-27.4 20.708-52.62 46.632-67.608 25.904-14.948 55.836-16.42 81.76-6.624 50.42-49.584 83.232-117.016 88.016-192.128l-97.188-1.432c-8.94 101.772-94.304 181.52-198.36 181.52z m139.552-440.924c32.616 18.832 74.3 7.68 93.116-24.936 18.84-32.616 7.68-74.3-24.936-93.14-32.616-18.816-74.296-7.64-93.14 24.976-18.812 32.6-7.632 74.28 24.96 93.1z" fill="#FFF"/></svg>
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frontend/src/pages/Oversell.tsx

@@ -1,490 +0,0 @@
-import { useState, useEffect, useCallback, type ReactNode } from 'react'
-import { Cpu, MemoryStick, HardDrive, RefreshCw, Save, RotateCcw } from 'lucide-react'
-import {
-  getOversell,
-  updateOversell,
-  getOversellStatus,
-  getHostInfo,
-  reclaimMemory,
-  HostInfo,
-  OversellConfig,
-  OversellStatus,
-} from '../services/api'
-import { useDialog } from '../components/Dialog'
-import { formatMB } from '../utils/labels'
-
-export default function Oversell() {
-  const dialog = useDialog()
-  const [config, setConfig] = useState<OversellConfig | null>(null)
-  const [status, setStatus] = useState<OversellStatus | null>(null)
-  const [host, setHost] = useState<HostInfo | null>(null)
-  const [estimateSpec, setEstimateSpec] = useState({ vcpu: 1, ramMb: 1024, diskGb: 10 })
-  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
-  const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false)
-  const [reclaiming, setReclaiming] = useState(false)
-
-  const fetchData = useCallback(async () => {
-    try {
-      const [cfgRes, stRes, hostRes] = await Promise.all([
-        getOversell(),
-        getOversellStatus(),
-        getHostInfo(),
-      ])
-      if (cfgRes.data.data) setConfig(cfgRes.data.data)
-      if (stRes.data.data) setStatus(stRes.data.data)
-      if (hostRes.data.data) setHost(hostRes.data.data)
-    } catch (err) {
-      console.error(err)
-    } finally {
-      setLoading(false)
-    }
-  }, [])
-
-  useEffect(() => { fetchData() }, [fetchData])
-
-  const handleSave = async () => {
-    if (!config) return
-    if (config.cpu_overcommit < 1 || config.ram_overcommit < 1 || config.disk_overcommit < 1) {
-      await dialog.alert('参数错误', '超售倍数不能小于 1。')
-      return
-    }
-    if (config.swappiness < 0 || config.swappiness > 100) {
-      await dialog.alert('参数错误', 'Swap 倾向必须在 0 到 100 之间。')
-      return
-    }
-
-    setSaving(true)
-    try {
-      await updateOversell(config)
-      await fetchData()
-      await dialog.alert('已应用', '宿主机控制参数已保存。')
-    } catch (err) {
-      console.error(err)
-      await dialog.alert('保存失败', getErrorMessage(err, '请检查宿主机权限或稍后重试。'))
-    } finally {
-      setSaving(false)
-    }
-  }
-
-  const handleReclaimMemory = async () => {
-    setReclaiming(true)
-    try {
-      const res = await reclaimMemory()
-      await fetchData()
-      const result = res.data.data
-      const errors = result?.errors?.length ? `\n失败: ${result.errors.join('; ')}` : ''
-      await dialog.alert(
-        '回收已触发',
-        `已处理 ${result?.attempted || 0} 个运行中容器，成功 ${result?.reclaimed || 0} 个，不支持 ${result?.unsupported || 0} 个。${errors}`
-      )
-    } catch (err) {
-      console.error(err)
-      await dialog.alert('回收失败', getErrorMessage(err, '请检查宿主机是否支持 cgroup v2 memory.reclaim。'))
-    } finally {
-      setReclaiming(false)
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (loading) {
-    return (
-      <div className="flex items-center justify-center py-20">
-        <div className="animate-spin rounded-full h-8 w-8 border-b-2 border-black"></div>
-      </div>
-    )
-  }
-
-  if (!config) return null
-
-  const estimate = host ? buildCapacityEstimate(host, status, config, estimateSpec) : null
-  const ksmSupported = status?.ksm_supported !== false
-  const reclaimSupported = status?.reclaim_supported !== false
-
-  return (
-    <div className="space-y-5">
-      <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-4">
-        <div>
-          <h1 className="text-xl font-semibold text-black">宿主机控制</h1>
-          <p className="text-sm text-gray-500 mt-1">超售容量、KSM 与宿主机内存参数</p>
-        </div>
-        <button
-          onClick={fetchData}
-          className="inline-flex items-center gap-2 px-3 py-2 border border-gray-300 text-gray-700 rounded-md hover:bg-gray-50 text-sm"
-        >
-          <RefreshCw className="w-4 h-4" />
-          刷新
-        </button>
-      </div>
-
-      <div className="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-3 gap-4">
-        <ResourceCard
-          icon={<Cpu className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />}
-          label="已分配 vCPU"
-          value={String(status?.allocated_cpu || 0)}
-          hint={`超售倍数: ${config.cpu_overcommit}x`}
-        />
-        <ResourceCard
-          icon={<MemoryStick className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />}
-          label="已分配内存"
-          value={formatMB(status?.allocated_ram_mb || 0)}
-          hint={`超售倍数: ${config.ram_overcommit}x`}
-        />
-        <ResourceCard
-          icon={<HardDrive className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />}
-          label="已分配磁盘"
-          value={`${status?.allocated_disk_gb || 0} GB`}
-          hint={`超售倍数: ${config.disk_overcommit}x`}
-        />
-      </div>
-
-      <div className="bg-white border border-gray-200 rounded-lg p-5">
-        <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-black mb-4">超售倍数</h2>
-        <div className="grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-3 gap-6">
-          <SliderField
-            label="CPU 超售"
-            value={config.cpu_overcommit}
-            min={1}
-            max={32}
-            suffix="x"
-            onChange={(v) => setConfig({ ...config, cpu_overcommit: v })}
-            hint="只用于容量估算，不改变单台容器限制"
-          />
-          <SliderField
-            label="内存超售"
-            value={config.ram_overcommit}
-            min={1}
-            max={16}
-            suffix="x"
-            onChange={(v) => setConfig({ ...config, ram_overcommit: v })}
-            hint="只用于容量估算，不改变单台容器限制"
-          />
-          <SliderField
-            label="磁盘超售"
-            value={config.disk_overcommit}
-            min={1}
-            max={16}
-            suffix="x"
-            onChange={(v) => setConfig({ ...config, disk_overcommit: v })}
-            hint="用于容量预估，实际写入仍受文件系统限制"
-          />
-        </div>
-      </div>
-
-      <div className="bg-white border border-gray-200 rounded-lg p-5">
-        <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-4 mb-4">
-          <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-black">容量预估</h2>
-          <span className="text-xs text-gray-500">按单台容器配置计算</span>
-        </div>
-
-        <div className="grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-[320px_1fr] gap-5">
-          <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-3">
-            <NumberField
-              label="vCPU"
-              value={estimateSpec.vcpu}
-              min={0.25}
-              step={0.25}
-              onChange={(value) => setEstimateSpec({ ...estimateSpec, vcpu: value })}
-            />
-            <NumberField
-              label="内存 MB"
-              value={estimateSpec.ramMb}
-              min={128}
-              step={128}
-              onChange={(value) => setEstimateSpec({ ...estimateSpec, ramMb: value })}
-            />
-            <NumberField
-              label="磁盘 GB"
-              value={estimateSpec.diskGb}
-              min={1}
-              onChange={(value) => setEstimateSpec({ ...estimateSpec, diskGb: value })}
-            />
-          </div>
-
-          {estimate && (
-            <div className="grid grid-cols-1 xl:grid-cols-[220px_1fr] gap-4">
-              <div className="rounded-lg border border-gray-200 bg-gray-50 p-4">
-                <div className="text-xs text-gray-500">预计最多可开</div>
-                <div className="mt-1 text-3xl font-bold text-black">{estimate.remainingCount}</div>
-                <div className="mt-1 text-xs text-gray-400">
-                  理论上限 {estimate.totalCount} 台，当前受 {estimate.bottleneckLabel} 限制
-                </div>
-              </div>
-              <div className="overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-gray-200">
-                <table className="w-full text-sm">
-                  <thead className="bg-gray-50 text-xs text-gray-500">
-                    <tr>
-                      <th className="px-3 py-2 text-left font-medium">资源</th>
-                      <th className="px-3 py-2 text-right font-medium">实际</th>
-                      <th className="px-3 py-2 text-right font-medium">超售后</th>
-                      <th className="px-3 py-2 text-right font-medium">已分配</th>
-                      <th className="px-3 py-2 text-right font-medium">剩余可开</th>
-                    </tr>
-                  </thead>
-                  <tbody className="divide-y divide-gray-100">
-                    {estimate.rows.map((row) => (
-                      <tr key={row.label}>
-                        <td className="px-3 py-2 text-gray-700">{row.label}</td>
-                        <td className="px-3 py-2 text-right font-mono text-xs text-gray-600">{row.actual}</td>
-                        <td className="px-3 py-2 text-right font-mono text-xs text-gray-600">{row.capacity}</td>
-                        <td className="px-3 py-2 text-right font-mono text-xs text-gray-600">{row.allocated}</td>
-                        <td className="px-3 py-2 text-right font-semibold text-black">{row.remainingCount}</td>
-                      </tr>
-                    ))}
-                  </tbody>
-                </table>
-              </div>
-            </div>
-          )}
-        </div>
-      </div>
-
-      <div className="bg-white border border-gray-200 rounded-lg p-5">
-        <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-black mb-4">内存优化</h2>
-        <div className="space-y-4">
-          <ToggleRow
-            label="KSM 合并"
-            desc="合并容器间相同内存页，减少实际内存占用"
-            value={config.ksm_enabled && ksmSupported}
-            disabled={!ksmSupported}
-            onChange={(v) => setConfig({ ...config, ksm_enabled: v })}
-            extra={ksmSupported ? `已合并 ${status?.ksm_pages || 0} 页` : '当前内核不支持 KSM'}
-          />
-          <SliderField
-            label="Swap 倾向"
-            value={config.swappiness}
-            min={0}
-            max={100}
-            suffix=""
-            onChange={(v) => setConfig({ ...config, swappiness: v })}
-            hint="写入 /proc/sys/vm/swappiness，值越低越少使用 swap"
-          />
-          <ActionRow
-            title="立即回收缓存"
-            desc={reclaimSupported ? '对运行中容器触发一次 cgroup v2 memory.reclaim' : '当前环境未检测到 memory.reclaim'}
-            disabled={!reclaimSupported || reclaiming}
-            busy={reclaiming}
-            onClick={handleReclaimMemory}
-          />
-        </div>
-      </div>
-
-      <div className="flex justify-end">
-        <button
-          onClick={handleSave}
-          disabled={saving}
-          className="flex items-center gap-2 px-6 py-2.5 bg-black text-white rounded-md hover:bg-gray-800 transition-colors text-sm font-medium disabled:opacity-50"
-        >
-          <Save className="w-4 h-4" />
-          {saving ? '保存中...' : '应用设置'}
-        </button>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  )
-}
-
-function ResourceCard({ icon, label, value, hint }: {
-  icon: ReactNode
-  label: string
-  value: string
-  hint: string
-}) {
-  return (
-    <div className="bg-white border border-gray-200 rounded-lg p-4">
-      <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-gray-500 mb-1">
-        {icon}{label}
-      </div>
-      <div className="text-2xl font-bold text-black">{value}</div>
-      <div className="text-xs text-gray-400 mt-0.5">{hint}</div>
-    </div>
-  )
-}
-
-function SliderField({ label, value, min, max, suffix, onChange, hint }: {
-  label: string
-  value: number
-  min: number
-  max: number
-  suffix: string
-  onChange: (v: number) => void
-  hint?: string
-}) {
-  return (
-    <div>
-      <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-2">
-        <span className="text-sm font-medium text-gray-700">{label}</span>
-        <span className="text-sm text-gray-500 font-mono">{value}{suffix}</span>
-      </div>
-      <input
-        type="range"
-        min={min}
-        max={max}
-        value={value}
-        onChange={(e) => onChange(parseInt(e.target.value, 10) || min)}
-        className="w-full h-2 bg-gray-200 rounded-lg appearance-none cursor-pointer accent-black"
-      />
-      <div className="flex justify-between text-[10px] text-gray-300 mt-0.5">
-        <span>{min}{suffix}</span><span>{max}{suffix}</span>
-      </div>
-      {hint && <div className="text-[10px] text-gray-400 mt-1">{hint}</div>}
-    </div>
-  )
-}
-
-function NumberField({ label, value, min, step = 1, onChange }: {
-  label: string
-  value: number
-  min: number
-  step?: number
-  onChange: (value: number) => void
-}) {
-  return (
-    <label className="block">
-      <span className="mb-1.5 block text-xs font-medium text-gray-600">{label}</span>
-      <input
-        type="number"
-        min={min}
-        step={step}
-        value={value}
-        onChange={(e) => {
-          const parsed = step % 1 === 0 ? parseInt(e.target.value, 10) : parseFloat(e.target.value)
-          onChange(Math.max(min, Number.isFinite(parsed) ? parsed : min))
-        }}
-        className="w-full rounded-md border border-gray-300 bg-white px-3 py-2 text-sm text-black focus:border-black focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-black"
-      />
-    </label>
-  )
-}
-
-function ToggleRow({ label, desc, value, disabled = false, onChange, extra }: {
-  label: string
-  desc: string
-  value: boolean
-  disabled?: boolean
-  onChange: (v: boolean) => void
-  extra?: string
-}) {
-  return (
-    <div className="flex items-center justify-between py-2">
-      <div>
-        <div className="text-sm font-medium text-gray-700">{label}</div>
-        <div className="text-xs text-gray-400">{desc}</div>
-        {extra && <div className="text-xs text-gray-500 mt-0.5">{extra}</div>}
-      </div>
-      <label className={`relative inline-flex items-center ${disabled ? 'cursor-not-allowed opacity-50' : 'cursor-pointer'}`}>
-        <input
-          type="checkbox"
-          checked={value}
-          disabled={disabled}
-          onChange={(e) => onChange(e.target.checked)}
-          className="sr-only peer"
-        />
-        <div className="w-9 h-5 bg-gray-300 peer-checked:bg-black rounded-full after:content-[''] after:absolute after:top-0.5 after:left-0.5 after:bg-white after:rounded-full after:h-4 after:w-4 after:transition-all peer-checked:after:translate-x-4"></div>
-      </label>
-    </div>
-  )
-}
-
-function ActionRow({ title, desc, disabled, busy, onClick }: {
-  title: string
-  desc: string
-  disabled: boolean
-  busy: boolean
-  onClick: () => void
-}) {
-  return (
-    <div className="flex items-center justify-between py-2">
-      <div>
-        <div className="text-sm font-medium text-gray-700">{title}</div>
-        <div className="text-xs text-gray-400">{desc}</div>
-      </div>
-      <button
-        onClick={onClick}
-        disabled={disabled}
-        className="inline-flex items-center gap-2 px-3 py-2 border border-gray-300 text-gray-700 rounded-md hover:bg-gray-50 text-sm disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50"
-      >
-        <RotateCcw className={`w-4 h-4 ${busy ? 'animate-spin' : ''}`} />
-        {busy ? '回收中...' : '执行'}
-      </button>
-    </div>
-  )
-}
-
-type EstimateSpec = {
-  vcpu: number
-  ramMb: number
-  diskGb: number
-}
-
-type EstimateRow = {
-  label: string
-  actual: string
-  capacity: string
-  allocated: string
-  totalCount: number
-  remainingCount: number
-}
-
-function buildCapacityEstimate(
-  host: HostInfo,
-  status: OversellStatus | null,
-  config: OversellConfig,
-  spec: EstimateSpec
-) {
-  const cpuCapacity = host.cpu.cores * config.cpu_overcommit
-  const ramCapacity = host.ram.total_mb * config.ram_overcommit
-  const diskCapacity = host.disk.total_gb * config.disk_overcommit
-
-  const allocatedCPU = status?.allocated_cpu || 0
-  const allocatedRAM = status?.allocated_ram_mb || 0
-  const allocatedDisk = status?.allocated_disk_gb || 0
-
-  const rows: EstimateRow[] = [
-    {
-      label: 'CPU',
-      actual: `${host.cpu.cores} 核`,
-      capacity: `${cpuCapacity} vCPU`,
-      allocated: `${allocatedCPU} vCPU`,
-      totalCount: safeFloor(cpuCapacity / spec.vcpu),
-      remainingCount: safeFloor((cpuCapacity - allocatedCPU) / spec.vcpu),
-    },
-    {
-      label: '内存',
-      actual: formatMB(Number(host.ram.total_mb)),
-      capacity: formatMB(ramCapacity),
-      allocated: formatMB(allocatedRAM),
-      totalCount: safeFloor(ramCapacity / spec.ramMb),
-      remainingCount: safeFloor((ramCapacity - allocatedRAM) / spec.ramMb),
-    },
-    {
-      label: '磁盘',
-      actual: `${host.disk.total_gb} GB`,
-      capacity: `${diskCapacity} GB`,
-      allocated: `${allocatedDisk} GB`,
-      totalCount: safeFloor(diskCapacity / spec.diskGb),
-      remainingCount: safeFloor((diskCapacity - allocatedDisk) / spec.diskGb),
-    },
-  ]
-
-  const totalCount = Math.min(...rows.map((row) => row.totalCount))
-  const remainingCount = Math.min(...rows.map((row) => row.remainingCount))
-  const bottleneck = rows.reduce((current, row) => row.remainingCount < current.remainingCount ? row : current, rows[0])
-
-  return {
-    rows,
-    totalCount,
-    remainingCount,
-    bottleneckLabel: bottleneck.label,
-  }
-}
-
-function safeFloor(value: number): number {
-  if (!Number.isFinite(value) || value <= 0) return 0
-  return Math.floor(value)
-}
-
-function getErrorMessage(err: unknown, fallback: string): string {
-  if (typeof err === 'object' && err !== null && 'response' in err) {
-    const response = (err as { response?: { data?: { message?: string } } }).response
-    return response?.data?.message || fallback
-  }
-  return fallback
-}

frontend/src/pages/Routing.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+import { Network, RefreshCw, Route, Search, Server, X } from 'lucide-react'
+import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom'
+import { getRoutingInfo, RoutingInfo, NAT4Route, IPv6Route } from '../services/api'
+
+export default function Routing() {
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+  const [routing, setRouting] = useState<RoutingInfo | null>(null)
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
+  const [refreshing, setRefreshing] = useState(false)
+  const [nat4Page, setNat4Page] = useState(1)
+  const [ipv6Page, setIPv6Page] = useState(1)
+  const [nat4Search, setNat4Search] = useState('')
+  const [ipv6Search, setIPv6Search] = useState('')
+
+  const fetchData = useCallback(async () => {
+    try {
+      const res = await getRoutingInfo()
+      setRouting(res.data.data || null)
+    } catch (err) {
+      console.error(err)
+    } finally {
+      setLoading(false)
+      setRefreshing(false)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => { fetchData() }, [fetchData])
+
+  const nat4Mappings = routing?.nat4_mappings || []
+  const ipv6Assignments = routing?.ipv6_assignments || []
+  const ipv6Prefix = routing?.ipv6_prefixes?.[0]?.prefix || '-'
+
+  // Filter helpers
+  const matchesNat4Search = (m: NAT4Route, query: string) => {
+    if (!query) return true
+    const q = query.toLowerCase()
+    return (
+      String(m.host_port).includes(q) ||
+      String(m.container_port).includes(q) ||
+      m.container_name.toLowerCase().includes(q) ||
+      m.lxc_name.toLowerCase().includes(q) ||
+      (m.ip || '').toLowerCase().includes(q)
+    )
+  }
+  const matchesIPv6Search = (item: IPv6Route, query: string) => {
+    if (!query) return true
+    const q = query.toLowerCase()
+    return (
+      (item.address || '').toLowerCase().includes(q) ||
+      item.container_name.toLowerCase().includes(q) ||
+      item.lxc_name.toLowerCase().includes(q)
+    )
+  }
+
+  const filteredNat4 = useMemo(() => nat4Mappings.filter(m => matchesNat4Search(m, nat4Search)), [nat4Mappings, nat4Search])
+  const filteredIPv6 = useMemo(() => ipv6Assignments.filter(m => matchesIPv6Search(m, ipv6Search)), [ipv6Assignments, ipv6Search])
+
+  // Reset page on search change
+  useEffect(() => { setNat4Page(1) }, [nat4Search])
+  useEffect(() => { setIPv6Page(1) }, [ipv6Search])
+
+  if (loading) {
+    return (
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-center py-20">
+        <div className="h-8 w-8 animate-spin rounded-full border-b-2 border-black" />
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  const pageSize = 10
+  const nat4TotalPages = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(filteredNat4.length / pageSize))
+  const ipv6TotalPages = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(filteredIPv6.length / pageSize))
+  const currentNat4Page = Math.min(nat4Page, nat4TotalPages)
+  const currentIPv6Page = Math.min(ipv6Page, ipv6TotalPages)
+  const pagedNat4Mappings = filteredNat4.slice((currentNat4Page - 1) * pageSize, currentNat4Page * pageSize)
+  const pagedIPv6Assignments = filteredIPv6.slice((currentIPv6Page - 1) * pageSize, currentIPv6Page * pageSize)
+
+  return (
+    <div className="space-y-5">
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-4">
+        <div>
+          <h1 className="text-xl font-semibold text-black">路由管理</h1>
+          <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-gray-500">宿主机分配给 LXC 的 NAT4 端口和 IPv6 地址</p>
+        </div>
+        <button
+          onClick={() => { setRefreshing(true); fetchData() }}
+          disabled={refreshing}
+          className="inline-flex items-center gap-2 rounded-md border border-gray-300 px-3 py-2 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50 disabled:opacity-50"
+        >
+          <RefreshCw className={`h-4 w-4 ${refreshing ? 'animate-spin' : ''}`} />
+          刷新
+        </button>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="grid gap-4 md:grid-cols-2">
+        <CapacityCard
+          title="NAT4 端口"
+          icon={<Route className="h-5 w-5 text-gray-600" />}
+          remaining={routing?.nat4.remaining || '0'}
+          total={routing?.nat4.total || '0'}
+          used={routing?.nat4.used || 0}
+          label="剩余端口 / 端口总数"
+        />
+        <CapacityCard
+          title="IPv6 地址"
+          icon={<Network className="h-5 w-5 text-gray-600" />}
+          remaining={formatCapacity(routing?.ipv6.remaining || '0')}
+          total={formatCapacity(routing?.ipv6.total || '0')}
+          used={routing?.ipv6.used || 0}
+          label={`剩余地址 / 地址总数 · ${ipv6Prefix}`}
+        />
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 bg-white dark:bg-gray-900">
+        <div className="border-b border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 px-4 py-3 flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
+          <div>
+            <div className="text-sm font-medium text-black dark:text-white">NAT4 端口分配</div>
+            <div className="mt-1 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
+              {nat4Search ? `搜索 "${nat4Search}" 结果 ${filteredNat4.length} 条，` : ''}共 {nat4Mappings.length} 条映射
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <div className="relative w-48">
+            <Search className="absolute left-2.5 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 w-3.5 h-3.5 text-gray-400" />
+            <input
+              type="text"
+              value={nat4Search}
+              onChange={e => setNat4Search(e.target.value)}
+              placeholder="搜索端口/容器..."
+              className="w-full pl-8 pr-7 py-1.5 text-xs border border-gray-300 dark:border-gray-600 rounded-md bg-white dark:bg-gray-800 text-black dark:text-white focus:outline-none focus:ring-1 focus:ring-black dark:focus:ring-white"
+            />
+            {nat4Search && (
+              <button onClick={() => setNat4Search('')} className="absolute right-2 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 text-gray-400 hover:text-gray-600 dark:hover:text-gray-300">
+                <X className="w-3 h-3" />
+              </button>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        {nat4Mappings.length === 0 ? (
+          <EmptyState icon={<Route className="h-7 w-7 text-gray-400" />} text="暂无 NAT4 端口映射" />
+        ) : (
+          <>
+          <div className="overflow-x-auto">
+            <table className="w-full min-w-[900px] text-sm">
+              <thead className="border-b border-gray-200 bg-gray-50 text-xs text-gray-500">
+                <tr>
+                  <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">容器</th>
+                  <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">LXC 名称</th>
+                  <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">容器 IPv4</th>
+                  <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">宿主机端口</th>
+                  <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">容器端口</th>
+                  <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">协议</th>
+                  <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">说明</th>
+                  <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">状态</th>
+                </tr>
+              </thead>
+              <tbody className="divide-y divide-gray-100">
+                {pagedNat4Mappings.map((mapping, index) => (
+                  <tr key={`${mapping.container_id}-${mapping.host_port}-${mapping.protocol}-${index}`} className="hover:bg-gray-50">
+                    <td className="px-4 py-3">
+                      <button
+                        onClick={() => navigate(`/container/${mapping.container_id}`)}
+                        className="inline-flex items-center gap-2 text-left font-medium text-black hover:underline"
+                      >
+                        <Server className="h-4 w-4 text-gray-400" />
+                        {mapping.container_name}
+                      </button>
+                    </td>
+                    <td className="px-4 py-3 font-mono text-xs text-gray-600">{mapping.lxc_name}</td>
+                    <td className="px-4 py-3 font-mono text-xs text-gray-600">{mapping.ip || '-'}</td>
+                    <td className="px-4 py-3 font-mono text-xs text-gray-700">{mapping.host_port}</td>
+                    <td className="px-4 py-3 font-mono text-xs text-gray-700">{mapping.container_port}</td>
+                    <td className="px-4 py-3 uppercase text-gray-600">{mapping.protocol || '-'}</td>
+                    <td className="px-4 py-3 text-gray-600">{mapping.description || '-'}</td>
+                    <td className="px-4 py-3"><StatusBadge status={mapping.status} /></td>
+                  </tr>
+                ))}
+              </tbody>
+            </table>
+          </div>
+          <Pagination
+            page={currentNat4Page}
+            totalPages={nat4TotalPages}
+            totalItems={filteredNat4.length}
+            pageSize={pageSize}
+            onPageChange={setNat4Page}
+          />
+          </>
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 bg-white dark:bg-gray-900">
+        <div className="border-b border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 px-4 py-3 flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
+          <div>
+            <div className="text-sm font-medium text-black dark:text-white">IPv6 地址分配</div>
+            <div className="mt-1 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
+              {ipv6Search ? `搜索 "${ipv6Search}" 结果 ${filteredIPv6.length} 条，` : ''}共 {ipv6Assignments.length} 个地址
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <div className="relative w-48">
+            <Search className="absolute left-2.5 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 w-3.5 h-3.5 text-gray-400" />
+            <input
+              type="text"
+              value={ipv6Search}
+              onChange={e => setIPv6Search(e.target.value)}
+              placeholder="搜索地址/容器..."
+              className="w-full pl-8 pr-7 py-1.5 text-xs border border-gray-300 dark:border-gray-600 rounded-md bg-white dark:bg-gray-800 text-black dark:text-white focus:outline-none focus:ring-1 focus:ring-black dark:focus:ring-white"
+            />
+            {ipv6Search && (
+              <button onClick={() => setIPv6Search('')} className="absolute right-2 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 text-gray-400 hover:text-gray-600 dark:hover:text-gray-300">
+                <X className="w-3 h-3" />
+              </button>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        {ipv6Assignments.length === 0 ? (
+          <EmptyState icon={<Network className="h-7 w-7 text-gray-400" />} text="暂无 IPv6 地址分配" />
+        ) : (
+          <>
+          <div className="overflow-x-auto">
+            <table className="w-full min-w-[820px] text-sm">
+              <thead className="border-b border-gray-200 bg-gray-50 text-xs text-gray-500">
+                <tr>
+                  <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">容器</th>
+                  <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">LXC 名称</th>
+                  <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">IPv6 地址</th>
+                  <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">前缀</th>
+                  <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">出口网卡</th>
+                  <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">状态</th>
+                </tr>
+              </thead>
+              <tbody className="divide-y divide-gray-100">
+                {pagedIPv6Assignments.map((item) => (
+                  <tr key={`${item.container_id}-${item.address}`} className="hover:bg-gray-50">
+                    <td className="px-4 py-3">
+                      <button
+                        onClick={() => navigate(`/container/${item.container_id}`)}
+                        className="inline-flex items-center gap-2 text-left font-medium text-black hover:underline"
+                      >
+                        <Server className="h-4 w-4 text-gray-400" />
+                        {item.container_name}
+                      </button>
+                    </td>
+                    <td className="px-4 py-3 font-mono text-xs text-gray-600">{item.lxc_name}</td>
+                    <td className="px-4 py-3 font-mono text-xs text-gray-700">{item.address}</td>
+                    <td className="px-4 py-3 font-mono text-xs text-gray-600">/{item.prefix_len || '-'}</td>
+                    <td className="px-4 py-3 font-mono text-xs text-gray-600">{item.interface || '-'}</td>
+                    <td className="px-4 py-3"><StatusBadge status={item.status} /></td>
+                  </tr>
+                ))}
+              </tbody>
+            </table>
+          </div>
+          <Pagination
+            page={currentIPv6Page}
+            totalPages={ipv6TotalPages}
+            totalItems={filteredIPv6.length}
+            pageSize={pageSize}
+            onPageChange={setIPv6Page}
+          />
+          </>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function Pagination({ page, totalPages, totalItems, pageSize, onPageChange }: {
+  page: number
+  totalPages: number
+  totalItems: number
+  pageSize: number
+  onPageChange: (page: number) => void
+}) {
+  if (totalPages <= 1) return null
+
+  const start = (page - 1) * pageSize + 1
+  const end = Math.min(page * pageSize, totalItems)
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 border-t border-gray-200 px-4 py-3 text-sm">
+      <div className="text-xs text-gray-500">
+        显示 {start}-{end}，共 {totalItems} 条
+      </div>
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+        <button
+          onClick={() => onPageChange(Math.max(1, page - 1))}
+          disabled={page <= 1}
+          className="rounded-md border border-gray-300 px-3 py-1.5 text-xs text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50"
+        >
+          上一页
+        </button>
+        <span className="min-w-16 text-center text-xs text-gray-500">
+          {page} / {totalPages}
+        </span>
+        <button
+          onClick={() => onPageChange(Math.min(totalPages, page + 1))}
+          disabled={page >= totalPages}
+          className="rounded-md border border-gray-300 px-3 py-1.5 text-xs text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50"
+        >
+          下一页
+        </button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function CapacityCard({ title, icon, remaining, total, used, label }: {
+  title: string
+  icon: React.ReactNode
+  remaining: string
+  total: string
+  used: number
+  label: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className="rounded-lg border border-gray-200 bg-white p-4">
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
+        <div>
+          <div className="text-sm font-medium text-gray-700">{title}</div>
+          <div className="mt-2 flex items-end gap-2">
+            <span className="text-2xl font-semibold text-black">{remaining}</span>
+            <span className="pb-1 text-sm text-gray-400">/ {total}</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <div className="flex h-10 w-10 items-center justify-center rounded-md bg-gray-100">
+          {icon}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div className="mt-3 text-xs text-gray-500">{label}</div>
+      <div className="mt-1 text-xs text-gray-400">已分配 {used}</div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function EmptyState({ icon, text }: { icon: React.ReactNode; text: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center px-6 py-16 text-center">
+      <div className="mb-4 flex h-14 w-14 items-center justify-center rounded-lg bg-gray-100">
+        {icon}
+      </div>
+      <div className="text-sm font-medium text-gray-700">{text}</div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function StatusBadge({ status }: { status: string }) {
+  const running = status === 'running'
+  return (
+    <span className={`rounded px-2 py-1 text-xs ${running ? 'bg-green-50 text-green-700' : 'bg-gray-100 text-gray-700'}`}>
+      {running ? '运行中' : (status || '未知')}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+function formatCapacity(value: string): string {
+  if (value === 'large') return '充足'
+  return value
+}

frontend/src/pages/Snapshots.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+import { Camera, RefreshCw, Server, Trash2 } from 'lucide-react'
+import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom'
+import { deleteContainerSnapshot, getSnapshots, Snapshot } from '../services/api'
+import { useDialog } from '../components/Dialog'
+
+export default function Snapshots() {
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+  const dialog = useDialog()
+  const [snapshots, setSnapshots] = useState<Snapshot[]>([])
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
+  const [refreshing, setRefreshing] = useState(false)
+  const [deleting, setDeleting] = useState<string | null>(null)
+
+  const fetchData = useCallback(async () => {
+    try {
+      const res = await getSnapshots()
+      setSnapshots(res.data.data || [])
+    } catch (err) {
+      console.error(err)
+    } finally {
+      setLoading(false)
+      setRefreshing(false)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => { fetchData() }, [fetchData])
+
+  const handleDelete = async (snapshot: Snapshot) => {
+    const confirmed = await dialog.confirm(
+      '删除快照',
+      `确认删除容器 ${snapshot.container_name} 的快照吗？此操作不可恢复。`
+    )
+    if (!confirmed) return
+
+    setDeleting(snapshot.id)
+    try {
+      await deleteContainerSnapshot(snapshot.container_id, snapshot.id)
+      setSnapshots(prev => prev.filter(s => s.id !== snapshot.id))
+    } catch (err: unknown) {
+      const error = err as { response?: { data?: { message?: string } } }
+      dialog.alert('删除失败', error.response?.data?.message || '请稍后重试')
+    } finally {
+      setDeleting(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (loading) {
+    return (
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-center py-20">
+        <div className="h-8 w-8 animate-spin rounded-full border-b-2 border-black" />
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="space-y-5">
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-4">
+        <div>
+          <h1 className="text-xl font-semibold text-black">快照管理</h1>
+          <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-gray-500">全局快照列表，共 {snapshots.length} 个</p>
+        </div>
+        <button
+          onClick={() => { setRefreshing(true); fetchData() }}
+          disabled={refreshing}
+          className="inline-flex items-center gap-2 rounded-md border border-gray-300 px-3 py-2 text-sm text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50 disabled:opacity-50"
+        >
+          <RefreshCw className={`h-4 w-4 ${refreshing ? 'animate-spin' : ''}`} />
+          刷新
+        </button>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-gray-200 bg-white">
+        {snapshots.length === 0 ? (
+          <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center px-6 py-16 text-center">
+            <div className="mb-4 flex h-14 w-14 items-center justify-center rounded-lg bg-gray-100">
+              <Camera className="h-7 w-7 text-gray-400" />
+            </div>
+            <div className="text-sm font-medium text-gray-700">暂无快照</div>
+          </div>
+        ) : (
+          <table className="w-full min-w-[820px] text-sm">
+            <thead className="border-b border-gray-200 bg-gray-50 text-xs text-gray-500">
+              <tr>
+                <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">容器</th>
+                <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">LXC 名称</th>
+                <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">快照时间</th>
+                <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">类型</th>
+                <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">创建者</th>
+                <th className="px-4 py-3 text-right font-medium">大小</th>
+                <th className="px-4 py-3 text-center font-medium">操作</th>
+              </tr>
+            </thead>
+            <tbody className="divide-y divide-gray-100">
+              {snapshots.map((snapshot) => (
+                <tr key={snapshot.id} className="hover:bg-gray-50">
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3">
+                    <button
+                      onClick={() => navigate(`/container/${snapshot.container_id}`)}
+                      className="inline-flex items-center gap-2 text-left font-medium text-black hover:underline"
+                    >
+                      <Server className="h-4 w-4 text-gray-400" />
+                      {snapshot.container_name}
+                    </button>
+                  </td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 font-mono text-xs text-gray-600">{snapshot.lxc_name}</td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 text-gray-700">{snapshot.created_at}</td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3">
+                    <span className={`rounded px-2 py-1 text-xs ${snapshot.scheduled ? 'bg-blue-50 text-blue-700' : 'bg-gray-100 text-gray-700'}`}>
+                      {snapshot.scheduled ? '定时' : '手动'}
+                    </span>
+                  </td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 text-gray-600">{snapshot.created_by || '-'}</td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 text-right font-mono text-xs text-gray-600">{formatBytes(snapshot.size_bytes || 0)}</td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 text-center">
+                    <button
+                      onClick={() => handleDelete(snapshot)}
+                      disabled={deleting === snapshot.id}
+                      className="inline-flex items-center justify-center p-1.5 rounded text-red-500 hover:bg-red-50 transition-colors disabled:opacity-50"
+                      title="删除快照"
+                    >
+                      <Trash2 className="h-4 w-4" />
+                    </button>
+                  </td>
+                </tr>
+              ))}
+            </tbody>
+          </table>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function formatBytes(bytes: number): string {
+  if (!bytes) return '-'
+  if (bytes < 1024) return `${bytes} B`
+  if (bytes < 1024 * 1024) return `${(bytes / 1024).toFixed(1)} KB`
+  if (bytes < 1024 * 1024 * 1024) return `${(bytes / 1024 / 1024).toFixed(1)} MB`
+  return `${(bytes / 1024 / 1024 / 1024).toFixed(1)} GB`
+}

frontend/src/pages/SubUserManagement.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+import { Copy, KeyRound, LogIn, RefreshCw, ScrollText, UserCog, X } from 'lucide-react'
+import { useDialog } from '../components/Dialog'
+import api, { AuditLog, LoginLog } from '../services/api'
+import { copyToClipboard } from '../utils/clipboard'
+
+interface SubUserItem {
+  id: string
+  username: string
+  container_names: string[]
+  container_uuids: string[]
+  container_name: string
+  container_uuid: string
+  access_code: string
+  password?: string
+  created_at: string
+  last_login: string
+  last_login_ip: string
+  last_login_ua: string
+}
+
+interface AuditLogExt extends AuditLog {
+  ip?: string
+  user_agent?: string
+  success?: boolean
+  error?: string
+}
+
+export default function SubUserManagement() {
+  const dialog = useDialog()
+  const [users, setUsers] = useState<SubUserItem[]>([])
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
+  const [auditLogs, setAuditLogs] = useState<AuditLogExt[] | null>(null)
+  const [loginLogs, setLoginLogs] = useState<LoginLog[] | null>(null)
+  const [modalTitle, setModalTitle] = useState('')
+  const [passwordUser, setPasswordUser] = useState<SubUserItem | null>(null)
+  const [rotatingPassword, setRotatingPassword] = useState(false)
+  const [logPage, setLogPage] = useState(1)
+  const [logPageSize, setLogPageSize] = useState(10)
+
+  const fetchUsers = useCallback(async () => {
+    try {
+      const res = await api.get<{ success: boolean; data: SubUserItem[] }>('/sub-users')
+      setUsers(res.data.data || [])
+    } catch (err) {
+      console.error(err)
+    } finally {
+      setLoading(false)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => { fetchUsers() }, [fetchUsers])
+
+  const managementUrl = (user: SubUserItem) => `${window.location.origin}/login?code=${user.access_code}`
+
+  const copyText = async (text: string) => {
+    await copyToClipboard(text)
+  }
+
+  const rotatePassword = async (user: SubUserItem) => {
+    setRotatingPassword(true)
+    try {
+      const res = await api.post(`/sub-users/${user.id}/rotate-password`)
+      const data = res.data.data
+      const updatedUser = {
+        ...user,
+        username: data?.username || user.username,
+        access_code: data?.access_code || user.access_code,
+        password: data?.password || '',
+      }
+      setUsers((prev) => prev.map((item) => (item.id === user.id ? updatedUser : item)))
+      setPasswordUser(updatedUser)
+    } catch (err: unknown) {
+      const error = err as { response?: { data?: { message?: string } } }
+      dialog.alert('轮换失败', error.response?.data?.message || '请稍后重试')
+    } finally {
+      setRotatingPassword(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const showAuditLogs = async (user: SubUserItem) => {
+    try {
+      const res = await api.get(`/sub-users/${user.id}/audit-logs`)
+      setAuditLogs(res.data.data || [])
+      setLoginLogs(null)
+      setModalTitle(`${user.username} - 操作日志`)
+      setLogPage(1)
+    } catch {
+      dialog.alert('错误', '获取操作日志失败')
+    }
+  }
+
+  const showLoginLogs = async (user: SubUserItem) => {
+    try {
+      const res = await api.get(`/sub-users/${user.id}/login-logs`)
+      setLoginLogs(res.data.data || [])
+      setAuditLogs(null)
+      setModalTitle(`${user.username} - 登录日志`)
+      setLogPage(1)
+    } catch {
+      dialog.alert('错误', '获取登录日志失败')
+    }
+  }
+
+  const closeModal = () => {
+    setAuditLogs(null)
+    setLoginLogs(null)
+  }
+
+  const currentLogTotal = auditLogs?.length ?? loginLogs?.length ?? 0
+  const logTotalPages = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(currentLogTotal / logPageSize))
+  const currentLogPage = Math.min(logPage, logTotalPages)
+  const logStart = (currentLogPage - 1) * logPageSize
+  const currentAuditLogs = auditLogs?.slice(logStart, logStart + logPageSize)
+  const currentLoginLogs = loginLogs?.slice(logStart, logStart + logPageSize)
+
+  if (loading) {
+    return (
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-center py-20">
+        <div className="h-8 w-8 animate-spin rounded-full border-b-2 border-black" />
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="space-y-5">
+      <div>
+        <h1 className="text-xl font-semibold text-black dark:text-white">子用户管理</h1>
+        <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">容器分配的子用户列表，共 {users.length} 个</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 bg-white dark:bg-gray-900">
+        {users.length === 0 ? (
+          <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center px-6 py-16 text-center">
+            <div className="mb-4 flex h-14 w-14 items-center justify-center rounded-lg bg-gray-100 dark:bg-gray-800">
+              <UserCog className="h-7 w-7 text-gray-400" />
+            </div>
+            <div className="text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300">暂无子用户</div>
+          </div>
+        ) : (
+          <table className="w-full min-w-[820px] text-sm">
+            <thead className="border-b border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-gray-800 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
+              <tr>
+                <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium w-12">#</th>
+                <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">容器名称</th>
+                <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">UUID</th>
+                <th className="px-4 py-3 text-left font-medium">最后登录</th>
+                <th className="px-4 py-3 text-center font-medium">操作</th>
+              </tr>
+            </thead>
+            <tbody className="divide-y divide-gray-100 dark:divide-gray-800">
+              {users.map((user, index) => (
+                <tr key={user.id} className="hover:bg-gray-50 dark:hover:bg-gray-800">
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 text-gray-400 dark:text-gray-500">{index + 1}</td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 font-medium text-black dark:text-white">{user.container_name || '-'}</td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 font-mono text-xs text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-400">{user.container_uuid || '-'}</td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-400">
+                    {user.last_login ? (
+                      <div>
+                        <div className="text-xs">{user.last_login}</div>
+                        <div className="text-xs text-gray-400 dark:text-gray-500">{user.last_login_ip}</div>
+                      </div>
+                    ) : (
+                      <span className="text-gray-400">从未登录</span>
+                    )}
+                  </td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3">
+                    <div className="flex items-center justify-center gap-1">
+                      <button
+                        onClick={() => setPasswordUser(user)}
+                        className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 px-2 py-1.5 rounded text-xs text-amber-600 hover:bg-amber-50 dark:hover:bg-amber-900/30 transition-colors"
+                        title="查看密码"
+                      >
+                        <KeyRound className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />
+                        查看密码
+                      </button>
+                      <button
+                        onClick={() => showAuditLogs(user)}
+                        className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 px-2 py-1.5 rounded text-xs text-blue-600 hover:bg-blue-50 dark:hover:bg-blue-900/30 transition-colors"
+                        title="查看操作日志"
+                      >
+                        <ScrollText className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />
+                        操作日志
+                      </button>
+                      <button
+                        onClick={() => showLoginLogs(user)}
+                        className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 px-2 py-1.5 rounded text-xs text-green-600 hover:bg-green-50 dark:hover:bg-green-900/30 transition-colors"
+                        title="查看登录日志"
+                      >
+                        <LogIn className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />
+                        登录日志
+                      </button>
+                    </div>
+                  </td>
+                </tr>
+              ))}
+            </tbody>
+          </table>
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      {passwordUser && (
+        <div className="fixed inset-0 bg-black/50 dark:bg-black/70 flex items-center justify-center z-50 p-4">
+          <div className="bg-white dark:bg-gray-900 rounded-lg border border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 shadow-xl w-full max-w-lg overflow-hidden">
+            <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 px-5 py-3 border-b border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700">
+              <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold text-black dark:text-white">查看密码</h3>
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                <button
+                  onClick={() => rotatePassword(passwordUser)}
+                  disabled={rotatingPassword}
+                  className="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 px-2.5 py-1.5 rounded text-xs text-amber-700 bg-amber-50 hover:bg-amber-100 dark:text-amber-300 dark:bg-amber-900/30 dark:hover:bg-amber-900/50 disabled:opacity-50"
+                  title="轮换密码"
+                >
+                  <RefreshCw className={`w-3.5 h-3.5 ${rotatingPassword ? 'animate-spin' : ''}`} />
+                  {rotatingPassword ? '轮换中...' : '轮换密码'}
+                </button>
+                <button onClick={() => setPasswordUser(null)} className="p-1 text-gray-400 hover:text-black dark:hover:text-white rounded">
+                  <X className="w-4 h-4" />
+                </button>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+            <div className="p-5">
+              <div className="bg-gray-50 dark:bg-gray-800 rounded-lg p-4 text-sm space-y-3">
+                <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-3">
+                  <span className="shrink-0 text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">用户</span>
+                  <span className="min-w-0 text-right font-medium text-black dark:text-white break-all">{passwordUser.username}</span>
+                </div>
+                <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-3">
+                  <span className="shrink-0 text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">地址</span>
+                  <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1">
+                    <span className="font-mono text-xs text-black dark:text-white break-all">{managementUrl(passwordUser)}</span>
+                    <button onClick={() => copyText(managementUrl(passwordUser))} className="shrink-0 p-0.5 text-gray-400 hover:text-black dark:hover:text-white rounded" title="复制">
+                      <Copy className="w-3 h-3" />
+                    </button>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+                <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-3">
+                  <span className="shrink-0 text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">密码</span>
+                  <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1">
+                    <span className="font-mono text-xs text-black dark:text-white break-all">
+                      {passwordUser.password || '未保存，请轮换生成新密码'}
+                    </span>
+                    {passwordUser.password && (
+                      <button onClick={() => copyText(passwordUser.password || '')} className="shrink-0 p-0.5 text-gray-400 hover:text-black dark:hover:text-white rounded" title="复制">
+                        <Copy className="w-3 h-3" />
+                      </button>
+                    )}
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      {/* Log Modal */}
+      {(auditLogs || loginLogs) && (
+        <div className="fixed inset-0 bg-black/50 dark:bg-black/70 flex items-center justify-center z-50 p-4">
+          <div className="bg-white dark:bg-gray-900 rounded-lg border border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 shadow-xl w-full max-w-3xl max-h-[85vh] overflow-hidden flex flex-col">
+            <div className="flex items-center justify-between px-5 py-3 border-b border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700">
+              <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold text-black dark:text-white">{modalTitle}</h3>
+              <button onClick={closeModal} className="p-1 text-gray-400 hover:text-black dark:hover:text-white rounded">
+                <X className="w-4 h-4" />
+              </button>
+            </div>
+            <div className="overflow-auto flex-1">
+              {auditLogs && (
+                <table className="w-full text-sm">
+                  <thead className="border-b border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-gray-800 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400 sticky top-0">
+                    <tr>
+                      <th className="px-4 py-2 text-left">操作时间</th>
+                      <th className="px-4 py-2 text-left">操作</th>
+                      <th className="px-4 py-2 text-left">IP</th>
+                      <th className="px-4 py-2 text-left">UA</th>
+                      <th className="px-4 py-2 text-center">结果</th>
+                    </tr>
+                  </thead>
+                  <tbody className="divide-y divide-gray-100 dark:divide-gray-800">
+                    {auditLogs.length === 0 ? (
+                      <tr><td colSpan={5} className="px-4 py-8 text-center text-gray-400">暂无操作日志</td></tr>
+                    ) : currentAuditLogs?.map((log, i) => (
+                      <tr key={i} className="hover:bg-gray-50 dark:hover:bg-gray-800">
+                        <td className="px-4 py-2 text-xs text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-400 whitespace-nowrap">{log.time}</td>
+                        <td className="px-4 py-2 text-xs text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300">{log.action}</td>
+                        <td className="px-4 py-2 text-xs font-mono text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">{log.ip || '-'}</td>
+                        <td className="px-4 py-2 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400 max-w-[200px] truncate" title={log.user_agent}>{log.user_agent || '-'}</td>
+                        <td className="px-4 py-2 text-center">
+                          {log.success !== undefined ? (
+                            log.success ? (
+                              <span className="inline-flex px-2 py-0.5 rounded text-xs bg-green-50 text-green-700 dark:bg-green-900/30 dark:text-green-400">成功</span>
+                            ) : (
+                              <span className="inline-flex px-2 py-0.5 rounded text-xs bg-red-50 text-red-600 dark:bg-red-900/30 dark:text-red-400" title={log.error}>{log.error ? '失败' : '失败'}</span>
+                            )
+                          ) : (
+                            <span className="text-gray-400">-</span>
+                          )}
+                        </td>
+                      </tr>
+                    ))}
+                  </tbody>
+                </table>
+              )}
+              {loginLogs && (
+                <table className="w-full text-sm">
+                  <thead className="border-b border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-gray-800 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400 sticky top-0">
+                    <tr>
+                      <th className="px-4 py-2 text-left">登录时间</th>
+                      <th className="px-4 py-2 text-left">登录 IP</th>
+                      <th className="px-4 py-2 text-left">UA</th>
+                      <th className="px-4 py-2 text-center">结果</th>
+                    </tr>
+                  </thead>
+                  <tbody className="divide-y divide-gray-100 dark:divide-gray-800">
+                    {loginLogs.length === 0 ? (
+                      <tr><td colSpan={4} className="px-4 py-8 text-center text-gray-400">暂无登录日志</td></tr>
+                    ) : currentLoginLogs?.map((log, i) => (
+                      <tr key={i} className="hover:bg-gray-50 dark:hover:bg-gray-800">
+                        <td className="px-4 py-2 text-xs text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-400 whitespace-nowrap">{log.time}</td>
+                        <td className="px-4 py-2 text-xs font-mono text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">{log.ip}</td>
+                        <td className="px-4 py-2 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400 max-w-[250px] truncate" title={log.user_agent}>{log.user_agent}</td>
+                        <td className="px-4 py-2 text-center">
+                          {log.success ? (
+                            <span className="inline-flex px-2 py-0.5 rounded text-xs bg-green-50 text-green-700 dark:bg-green-900/30 dark:text-green-400">成功</span>
+                          ) : (
+                            <span className="inline-flex px-2 py-0.5 rounded text-xs bg-red-50 text-red-600 dark:bg-red-900/30 dark:text-red-400">失败</span>
+                          )}
+                        </td>
+                      </tr>
+                    ))}
+                  </tbody>
+                </table>
+              )}
+            </div>
+            {currentLogTotal > 0 && (
+              <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-3 border-t border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 px-5 py-3">
+                <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
+                  <span>
+                    显示 {logStart + 1}-{Math.min(logStart + logPageSize, currentLogTotal)} / {currentLogTotal}
+                  </span>
+                  <select
+                    value={logPageSize}
+                    onChange={(event) => {
+                      setLogPageSize(Number(event.target.value))
+                      setLogPage(1)
+                    }}
+                    className="h-7 rounded border border-gray-300 bg-white px-2 text-xs text-gray-700 dark:border-gray-700 dark:bg-gray-900 dark:text-gray-300"
+                  >
+                    <option value={10}>10 / 页</option>
+                    <option value={20}>20 / 页</option>
+                    <option value={50}>50 / 页</option>
+                  </select>
+                </div>
+                <div className="flex items-center gap-1">
+                  <button onClick={() => setLogPage(1)} disabled={currentLogPage === 1} className="rounded border border-gray-200 px-2.5 py-1.5 text-xs text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-50 disabled:opacity-40 dark:border-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:bg-gray-800">首页</button>
+                  <button onClick={() => setLogPage((page) => Math.max(1, page - 1))} disabled={currentLogPage === 1} className="rounded border border-gray-200 px-2.5 py-1.5 text-xs text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-50 disabled:opacity-40 dark:border-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:bg-gray-800">上一页</button>
+                  <span className="px-2 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">{currentLogPage} / {logTotalPages}</span>
+                  <button onClick={() => setLogPage((page) => Math.min(logTotalPages, page + 1))} disabled={currentLogPage === logTotalPages} className="rounded border border-gray-200 px-2.5 py-1.5 text-xs text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-50 disabled:opacity-40 dark:border-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:bg-gray-800">下一页</button>
+                  <button onClick={() => setLogPage(logTotalPages)} disabled={currentLogPage === logTotalPages} className="rounded border border-gray-200 px-2.5 py-1.5 text-xs text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-50 disabled:opacity-40 dark:border-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:bg-gray-800">末页</button>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}

frontend/src/services/api.ts

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ export interface Container {
   id: number
   uuid: string
   name: string
+  virtualization?: string
   template: string
   vcpu: number
   ram_mb: number
@@ -71,13 +72,21 @@ export interface Container {
   ssh_password: string
   port_mappings: PortMapping[]
   port_mapping_limit: number
+  snapshot_limit: number
   created_at: string
   expires_at: string
+  snapshot_schedule_enabled: boolean
+  snapshot_schedule_interval_hours: number
+  snapshot_schedule_time: string
+  snapshot_schedule_last_run: string
+  snapshot_schedule_next_run: string
+  snapshot_schedule_created_by: string
 }
 
 export interface Template {
   id: string
   name: string
+  type?: string
   distro: string
   release: string
   arch: string
@@ -87,6 +96,7 @@ export interface Template {
 
 export interface CreateContainerRequest {
   name: string
+  virtualization: string
   template_id: string
   vcpu: number
   cpu_percent: number
@@ -100,6 +110,7 @@ export interface CreateContainerRequest {
   io_speed_mbps: number
   extra_ports: number[]
   port_mapping_count: number
+  snapshot_limit: number
   assign_ipv6: boolean
   expires_at: string
 }
@@ -189,6 +200,14 @@ export interface LoginLog {
   success: boolean
 }
 
+export interface AuditLog {
+  time: string
+  action: string
+  target: string
+  detail: string
+  user: string
+}
+
 export const getLoginLogs = () =>
   api.get<APIResponse<LoginLog[]>>('/login-logs')
 
@@ -275,6 +294,45 @@ export const getIPv6Status = () =>
 export const assignIPv6 = (id: ContainerIdentifier) =>
   api.post<APIResponse<Container>>(`/containers/${id}/ipv6`)
 
+export interface RouteCapacity {
+  used: number
+  remaining: string
+  total: string
+}
+
+export interface NAT4Route {
+  container_id: number
+  container_name: string
+  lxc_name: string
+  status: string
+  ip: string
+  host_port: number
+  container_port: number
+  protocol: string
+  description: string
+}
+
+export interface IPv6Route {
+  container_id: number
+  container_name: string
+  lxc_name: string
+  status: string
+  address: string
+  prefix_len: number
+  interface: string
+}
+
+export interface RoutingInfo {
+  nat4: RouteCapacity
+  ipv6: RouteCapacity
+  nat4_mappings: NAT4Route[]
+  ipv6_assignments: IPv6Route[]
+  ipv6_prefixes: IPv6PrefixInfo[]
+}
+
+export const getRoutingInfo = () =>
+  api.get<APIResponse<RoutingInfo>>('/routing')
+
 // Templates
 export const getTemplates = () =>
   api.get<APIResponse<Template[]>>('/templates')
@@ -283,6 +341,7 @@ export const getTemplates = () =>
 export interface ImageInfo {
   id: string
   name: string
+  type: string
   distro: string
   release: string
   arch: string
@@ -297,7 +356,7 @@ export const getImages = () =>
   api.get<APIResponse<ImageInfo[]>>('/images')
 
 export const downloadImage = (templateId: string) =>
-  api.post<APIResponse>('/images/download', { template_id: templateId }, { timeout: 600000 }) // 10min timeout
+  api.post<APIResponse>('/images/download', { template_id: templateId }, { timeout: 1800000 }) // 30min timeout
 
 export const deleteImage = (templateId: string) =>
   api.delete<APIResponse>('/images/delete', { data: { template_id: templateId } })
@@ -305,8 +364,8 @@ export const deleteImage = (templateId: string) =>
 export const toggleImage = (templateId: string, enabled: boolean) =>
   api.put<APIResponse>('/images/toggle', { template_id: templateId, enabled })
 
-export const getEnabledImages = () =>
-  api.get<APIResponse<Template[]>>('/images/enabled')
+export const getEnabledImages = (virtualization = 'lxc') =>
+  api.get<APIResponse<Template[]>>('/images/enabled', { params: { type: virtualization } })
 
 // Dashboard
 export const getDashboard = () =>
@@ -315,44 +374,61 @@ export const getDashboard = () =>
 export const getHostInfo = () =>
   api.get<APIResponse<HostInfo>>('/host-info')
 
-// Oversell
-export interface OversellConfig {
-  cpu_overcommit: number
-  ram_overcommit: number
-  disk_overcommit: number
-  ksm_enabled: boolean
-  swappiness: number
+// Snapshots
+export interface Snapshot {
+  id: string
+  container_id: number
+  container_name: string
+  lxc_name: string
+  created_at: string
+  created_by: string
+  scheduled: boolean
+  path: string
+  size_bytes: number
 }
 
-export interface OversellStatus {
-  ksm_active: boolean
-  ksm_pages: number
-  ksm_supported: boolean
-  swappiness: number
-  reclaim_supported: boolean
-  allocated_cpu: number
-  allocated_ram_mb: number
-  allocated_disk_gb: number
+export interface SnapshotSchedule {
+  enabled: boolean
+  interval_hours: number
+  time: string
+  last_run: string
+  next_run: string
+  created_by: string
 }
 
-export interface ReclaimResult {
-  attempted: number
-  reclaimed: number
-  unsupported: number
-  errors: string[]
+export interface ContainerSnapshotsResponse {
+  snapshots: Snapshot[]
+  quota: number
+  schedule: SnapshotSchedule
 }
 
-export const getOversell = () =>
-  api.get<APIResponse<OversellConfig>>('/oversell')
+export const getSnapshots = () =>
+  api.get<APIResponse<Snapshot[]>>('/snapshots')
 
-export const updateOversell = (data: OversellConfig) =>
-  api.post<APIResponse<OversellConfig>>('/oversell', data)
+export const getContainerSnapshots = (id: ContainerIdentifier) =>
+  api.get<APIResponse<ContainerSnapshotsResponse>>(`/containers/${id}/snapshots`)
 
-export const getOversellStatus = () =>
-  api.get<APIResponse<OversellStatus>>('/oversell/status')
+export const createContainerSnapshot = (id: ContainerIdentifier) =>
+  api.post<APIResponse<Snapshot>>(`/containers/${id}/snapshots`, {}, { timeout: 600000 })
 
-export const reclaimMemory = () =>
-  api.post<APIResponse<ReclaimResult>>('/oversell/reclaim')
+export const deleteContainerSnapshot = (id: ContainerIdentifier, snapshotId: string) =>
+  api.delete<APIResponse>(`/containers/${id}/snapshots/${snapshotId}`, { timeout: 600000 })
+
+export const restoreContainerSnapshot = (id: ContainerIdentifier, snapshotId: string) =>
+  api.post<APIResponse>(`/containers/${id}/snapshots/${snapshotId}/restore`, {}, { timeout: 600000 })
+
+export const updateSnapshotSchedule = (id: ContainerIdentifier, enabled: boolean, intervalHours: number, time: string) =>
+  api.post<APIResponse<{ container: Container; snapshot?: Snapshot }>>(
+    `/containers/${id}/snapshots/schedule`,
+    { enabled, interval_hours: intervalHours, time },
+    { timeout: 600000 }
+  )
+
+export const updateSnapshotQuota = (id: ContainerIdentifier, snapshotLimit: number) =>
+  api.put<APIResponse<{ container: Container; quota: number }>>(
+    `/containers/${id}/snapshots/quota`,
+    { snapshot_limit: snapshotLimit }
+  )
 
 // WebSSH URL generator
 export const getWebSSHUrl = (containerName: string) => {
@@ -390,10 +466,9 @@ export const batchAction = (action: string, containers: number[], templateId?: s
 export interface SubUser {
   id: string
   username: string
-  password: string
+  password?: string
   container_names: string[]
   container_uuids?: string[]
-  token: string
   access_code: string
   created_at: string
 }
@@ -451,4 +526,8 @@ export const getSecuritySummary = () =>
 export const createWebSSHTicket = (containerName: string) =>
   api.post<APIResponse<{ ticket: string }>>('/ssh-ticket', { container_name: containerName })
 
+// Version
+export const getVersion = () =>
+  api.get<APIResponse<{ version: string }>>('/version')
+
 export default api

frontend/src/utils/clipboard.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+export async function copyToClipboard(text: string): Promise<boolean> {
+  if (!text) return false
+
+  if (navigator.clipboard?.writeText) {
+    try {
+      await navigator.clipboard.writeText(text)
+      return true
+    } catch {
+      // Fall through for non-secure HTTP origins where Clipboard API is blocked.
+    }
+  }
+
+  const textarea = document.createElement('textarea')
+  textarea.value = text
+  textarea.setAttribute('readonly', '')
+  textarea.style.position = 'fixed'
+  textarea.style.top = '0'
+  textarea.style.left = '0'
+  textarea.style.width = '1px'
+  textarea.style.height = '1px'
+  textarea.style.opacity = '0'
+  textarea.style.pointerEvents = 'none'
+
+  const selection = document.getSelection()
+  const selectedRange = selection?.rangeCount ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : null
+
+  document.body.appendChild(textarea)
+  textarea.focus({ preventScroll: true })
+  textarea.select()
+  textarea.setSelectionRange(0, textarea.value.length)
+
+  let copied = false
+  try {
+    copied = document.execCommand('copy')
+  } finally {
+    document.body.removeChild(textarea)
+    if (selection && selectedRange) {
+      selection.removeAllRanges()
+      selection.addRange(selectedRange)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return copied
+}

frontend/tailwind.config.js

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 /** @type {import('tailwindcss').Config} */
 export default {
+  darkMode: 'class',
   content: [
     "./index.html",
     "./src/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx}",

install.sh

@@ -1,105 +1,470 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-set -euo pipefail
+#!/bin/sh
+set -eu
+
+REPO="${CLICD_REPO:-MengMengCode/CLICD}"
+CLICD_INSTALL_VERSION="${CLICD_VERSION:-latest}"
+ASSET="clicd-linux-amd64.tar.gz"
+ACTION="${1:-install}"
 
 echo "====================================="
-echo "  CLICD Installation"
+echo "  CLICD Installer"
 echo "====================================="
 
-if [ "$EUID" -ne 0 ]; then
+log() {
+    echo "[clicd] $*"
+}
+
+die() {
+    echo "ERROR: $*" >&2
+    exit 1
+}
+
+has_cmd() {
+    command -v "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1
+}
+
+is_systemd() {
+    has_cmd systemctl && [ -d /run/systemd/system ]
+}
+
+is_openrc() {
+    has_cmd rc-service && has_cmd rc-update
+}
+
+if [ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ]; then
     echo "Please run as root: sudo ./install.sh"
-    echo "Or: curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MengMengCode/CLICD/main/install.sh | sudo bash"
+    echo "Or: curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/${REPO}/main/install.sh | sudo sh"
+    echo "Uninstall: curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/${REPO}/main/install.sh | sudo sh -s -- uninstall"
     exit 1
 fi
 
-if [ ! -f "./clicd" ]; then
-    REPO="${CLICD_REPO:-MengMengCode/CLICD}"
-    VERSION="${CLICD_VERSION:-latest}"
-    ASSET="clicd-linux-amd64.tar.gz"
-
-    if [ "$VERSION" = "latest" ]; then
-        DOWNLOAD_URL="https://github.com/${REPO}/releases/latest/download/${ASSET}"
-    else
-        DOWNLOAD_URL="https://github.com/${REPO}/releases/download/${VERSION}/${ASSET}"
-    fi
-
-    echo "clicd binary not found in current directory."
-    echo "Downloading release package: ${DOWNLOAD_URL}"
-
-    TMP_DIR="$(mktemp -d)"
-    trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_DIR"' EXIT
-
-    if command -v curl >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-        curl -fL "$DOWNLOAD_URL" -o "$TMP_DIR/$ASSET"
-    elif command -v wget >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-        wget -O "$TMP_DIR/$ASSET" "$DOWNLOAD_URL"
-    else
-        echo "ERROR: curl or wget is required to download the release package."
-        exit 1
-    fi
-
-    tar -xzf "$TMP_DIR/$ASSET" -C "$TMP_DIR"
-    cd "$TMP_DIR/clicd-linux-amd64"
+OS_ID="unknown"
+OS_LIKE=""
+if [ -r /etc/os-release ]; then
+    . /etc/os-release
+    OS_ID="${ID:-unknown}"
+    OS_LIKE="${ID_LIKE:-}"
 fi
 
-if ! command -v lxc-create >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-    echo "LXC is not installed. Installing dependencies..."
-    if command -v apt-get >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-        apt-get update
-        apt-get install -y lxc lxc-templates bridge-utils xz-utils quota
-    elif command -v yum >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-        yum install -y epel-release
-        yum install -y lxc lxc-templates xz quota
-    elif command -v dnf >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-        dnf install -y lxc lxc-templates xz quota
-    else
-        echo "Could not detect package manager. Please install LXC manually."
-        exit 1
+usage() {
+    cat << EOF
+Usage:
+  ./install.sh
+  ./install.sh uninstall
+
+Environment:
+  CLICD_REPO=owner/repo
+  CLICD_VERSION=latest|v1.0.0
+
+Examples:
+  curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/${REPO}/main/install.sh | sudo sh
+  curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/${REPO}/main/install.sh | sudo sh -s -- uninstall
+EOF
+}
+
+remove_path() {
+    path="$1"
+    if [ ! -e "$path" ] && [ ! -L "$path" ]; then
+        return
     fi
-fi
+    rm -rf "$path"
+    log "Removed $path"
+}
 
-# Setup subordinate UID/GID for unprivileged containers
-echo "Setting up subordinate UID/GID ranges..."
-grep -q '^root:' /etc/subuid 2>/dev/null || echo 'root:100000:65536' >> /etc/subuid
-grep -q '^root:' /etc/subgid 2>/dev/null || echo 'root:100000:65536' >> /etc/subgid
+unmount_path_tree() {
+    path="$1"
+    if [ ! -e "$path" ]; then
+        return
+    fi
 
-# Enable ext4 project quota if supported
-if tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'Filesystem features'; then
-    echo "Enabling ext4 project quota..."
-    mkdir -p /etc/initramfs-tools/hooks /etc/initramfs-tools/scripts/local-premount
-    
-    # Hook to copy tune2fs into initramfs
-    cat > /etc/initramfs-tools/hooks/tune2fs-hook << 'HOOK'
-#!/bin/sh
-PREREQ=""
-prereqs() { echo "$PREREQ"; }
-case "$1" in prereqs) prereqs; exit 0;; esac
-. /usr/share/initramfs-tools/hook-functions
-copy_exec /sbin/tune2fs /sbin/tune2fs
-copy_exec /usr/sbin/setquota /usr/sbin/setquota
-HOOK
-    chmod +x /etc/initramfs-tools/hooks/tune2fs-hook
-    
-    # Script to run tune2fs before mount
-    cat > /etc/initramfs-tools/scripts/local-premount/prjquota << 'SCRIPT'
-#!/bin/sh
-PREREQ=""
-prereqs() { echo "$PREREQ"; }
-case "$1" in prereqs) prereqs; exit 0;; esac
-/sbin/tune2fs -O project -Q prjquota /dev/sda1 2>/dev/null
-SCRIPT
-    chmod +x /etc/initramfs-tools/scripts/local-premount/prjquota
-    
-    update-initramfs -u -k all 2>/dev/null || true
-    
-    # Add prjquota to fstab if not already there
-    grep -q 'prjquota' /etc/fstab 2>/dev/null || sed -i 's|ext4 rw,|ext4 rw,prjquota,|' /etc/fstab
-fi
+    if has_cmd findmnt; then
+        findmnt -R -n -o TARGET "$path" 2>/dev/null | sort -r | while IFS= read -r mountpoint; do
+            [ -n "$mountpoint" ] || continue
+            umount -R -l "$mountpoint" >/dev/null 2>&1 || umount -l "$mountpoint" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        done
+    fi
 
-cp ./clicd /usr/local/bin/clicd
-chmod +x /usr/local/bin/clicd
-echo "Installed binary: /usr/local/bin/clicd"
+    umount -R -l "$path/rootfs" >/dev/null 2>&1 || umount -l "$path/rootfs" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    umount -R -l "$path" >/dev/null 2>&1 || umount -l "$path" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+}
 
-cat > /etc/systemd/system/clicd.service << 'EOF'
+detach_container_loop_devices() {
+    path="$1"
+    if ! has_cmd losetup; then
+        return
+    fi
+
+    for image in "$path"/rootfs.img "$path"/*.img; do
+        [ -e "$image" ] || continue
+        losetup -j "$image" 2>/dev/null | sed 's/:.*//' | while IFS= read -r loopdev; do
+            [ -n "$loopdev" ] || continue
+            losetup -d "$loopdev" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        done
+    done
+}
+
+kill_path_users() {
+    path="$1"
+    if has_cmd fuser && [ -e "$path" ]; then
+        fuser -km "$path" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    fi
+}
+
+remove_lxc_container_dir() {
+    container_dir="$1"
+    container_name="$(basename "$container_dir")"
+
+    if has_cmd lxc-stop; then
+        lxc-stop -n "$container_name" -k >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    fi
+    if has_cmd lxc-destroy; then
+        lxc-destroy -n "$container_name" -f >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    fi
+
+    unmount_path_tree "$container_dir"
+    detach_container_loop_devices "$container_dir"
+
+    if rm -rf "$container_dir" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        log "Removed $container_dir"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    log "Retrying removal after terminating processes using $container_dir..."
+    kill_path_users "$container_dir/rootfs"
+    kill_path_users "$container_dir"
+    unmount_path_tree "$container_dir"
+    detach_container_loop_devices "$container_dir"
+    rm -rf "$container_dir"
+    log "Removed $container_dir"
+}
+
+uninstall_clicd() {
+    log "Uninstalling CLICD..."
+
+    if has_cmd systemctl; then
+        systemctl stop clicd >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        systemctl disable clicd >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    fi
+
+    if has_cmd rc-service; then
+        rc-service clicd stop >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    fi
+    if has_cmd rc-update; then
+        rc-update del clicd default >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    fi
+
+    log "Destroying LXC containers under /var/lib/lxc..."
+    for container_dir in /var/lib/lxc/*; do
+        [ -d "$container_dir" ] || continue
+        remove_lxc_container_dir "$container_dir"
+    done
+
+    remove_path /etc/systemd/system/clicd.service
+    remove_path /etc/init.d/clicd
+    remove_path /usr/local/bin/clicd
+    remove_path /etc/sysctl.d/99-clicd.conf
+    remove_path /var/log/clicd.log
+    remove_path /var/log/clicd.err
+    remove_path /root/.clicd
+    unmount_path_tree /var/lib/lxc
+    remove_path /var/lib/lxc
+    remove_path /var/cache/lxc
+
+    if has_cmd systemctl; then
+        systemctl daemon-reload >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        systemctl reset-failed clicd >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    fi
+    if has_cmd sysctl; then
+        sysctl --system >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    fi
+
+    echo ""
+    echo "====================================="
+    echo "  CLICD Uninstalled"
+    echo "====================================="
+    echo "  Removed service, binary, config, containers, and LXC image cache."
+    echo "====================================="
+}
+
+case "$ACTION" in
+    install|"")
+        ;;
+    uninstall|remove)
+        uninstall_clicd
+        exit 0
+        ;;
+    -h|--help|help)
+        usage
+        exit 0
+        ;;
+    *)
+        die "Unknown action: $ACTION"
+        ;;
+esac
+
+install_apk() {
+    log "Installing dependencies with apk..."
+    apk update
+    apk add --no-cache \
+        ca-certificates \
+        curl \
+        wget \
+        tar \
+        gzip \
+        xz \
+        lxc \
+        lxc-download \
+        lxc-openrc \
+        lxc-bridge \
+        lxc-templates \
+        bridge-utils \
+        iproute2 \
+        iptables \
+        dnsmasq
+
+    for pkg in lxcfs shadow conntrack-tools quota-tools e2fsprogs xfsprogs; do
+        apk add --no-cache "$pkg" >/dev/null 2>&1 || log "Optional package not installed: $pkg"
+    done
+}
+
+install_apt() {
+    log "Installing dependencies with apt..."
+    export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+    apt-get update
+    apt-get install -y \
+        ca-certificates \
+        curl \
+        wget \
+        tar \
+        gzip \
+        xz-utils \
+        lxc \
+        lxc-templates \
+        lxcfs \
+        bridge-utils \
+        uidmap \
+        iproute2 \
+        iptables \
+        conntrack \
+        quota \
+        e2fsprogs \
+        xfsprogs \
+        dnsmasq-base
+}
+
+enable_el_repos() {
+    if has_cmd dnf; then
+        dnf install -y 'dnf-command(config-manager)' >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        dnf install -y epel-release || true
+        dnf config-manager --set-enabled crb >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        dnf config-manager --set-enabled powertools >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    elif has_cmd yum; then
+        yum install -y yum-utils >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        yum install -y epel-release || true
+        yum-config-manager --enable powertools >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    fi
+}
+
+install_dnf() {
+    log "Installing dependencies with dnf..."
+    enable_el_repos
+    dnf install -y \
+        ca-certificates \
+        curl \
+        wget \
+        tar \
+        gzip \
+        xz \
+        lxc \
+        lxc-templates \
+        bridge-utils \
+        iproute \
+        iptables \
+        conntrack-tools \
+        shadow-utils \
+        quota \
+        e2fsprogs \
+        xfsprogs \
+        dnsmasq
+
+    dnf install -y lxcfs >/dev/null 2>&1 || log "Optional package not installed: lxcfs"
+}
+
+install_yum() {
+    log "Installing dependencies with yum..."
+    enable_el_repos
+    yum install -y \
+        ca-certificates \
+        curl \
+        wget \
+        tar \
+        gzip \
+        xz \
+        lxc \
+        lxc-templates \
+        bridge-utils \
+        iproute \
+        iptables \
+        conntrack-tools \
+        shadow-utils \
+        quota \
+        e2fsprogs \
+        xfsprogs \
+        dnsmasq
+
+    yum install -y lxcfs >/dev/null 2>&1 || log "Optional package not installed: lxcfs"
+}
+
+install_dependencies() {
+    case "$OS_ID" in
+        ubuntu|debian)
+            install_apt
+            ;;
+        alpine)
+            install_apk
+            ;;
+        centos|rhel|rocky|almalinux|fedora)
+            if has_cmd dnf; then
+                install_dnf
+            elif has_cmd yum; then
+                install_yum
+            else
+                die "dnf/yum not found on $OS_ID"
+            fi
+            ;;
+        *)
+            if has_cmd apt-get; then
+                install_apt
+            elif has_cmd apk; then
+                install_apk
+            elif has_cmd dnf; then
+                install_dnf
+            elif has_cmd yum; then
+                install_yum
+            else
+                die "Unsupported Linux distribution: ${OS_ID} ${OS_LIKE}"
+            fi
+            ;;
+    esac
+
+    has_cmd lxc-create || die "lxc-create is still missing after dependency installation."
+    has_cmd iptables || die "iptables is still missing after dependency installation."
+    has_cmd ip || die "iproute2/ip command is still missing after dependency installation."
+}
+
+configure_kernel_networking() {
+    log "Enabling kernel forwarding settings..."
+    cat > /etc/sysctl.d/99-clicd.conf << 'EOF'
+net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
+net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 1
+net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 0
+net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 0
+EOF
+
+    modprobe br_netfilter >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    sysctl --system >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+}
+
+setup_lxc_services() {
+    log "Configuring LXC services..."
+
+    if is_systemd; then
+        systemctl enable --now lxcfs >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        systemctl enable --now lxc-net >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        systemctl enable --now lxc >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        return
+    fi
+
+    if is_openrc; then
+        rc-update add cgroups default >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        rc-service cgroups start >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        rc-update add lxc default >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        rc-service lxc start >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        rc-update add lxcfs default >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        rc-service lxcfs start >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+        return
+    fi
+
+    die "No supported service manager found. CLICD supports systemd or OpenRC."
+}
+
+setup_subids() {
+    log "Setting up subordinate UID/GID ranges..."
+    touch /etc/subuid /etc/subgid
+    grep -q '^root:' /etc/subuid 2>/dev/null || echo 'root:100000:65536' >> /etc/subuid
+    grep -q '^root:' /etc/subgid 2>/dev/null || echo 'root:100000:65536' >> /etc/subgid
+}
+
+try_enable_project_quota() {
+    root_src="$(findmnt -no SOURCE / 2>/dev/null || true)"
+    root_fs="$(findmnt -no FSTYPE / 2>/dev/null || true)"
+
+    if [ "$root_fs" != "ext4" ] || [ -z "$root_src" ] || [ ! -b "$root_src" ]; then
+        log "Project quota auto-enable skipped for root filesystem: ${root_fs:-unknown}"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    if ! has_cmd tune2fs; then
+        log "Project quota auto-enable skipped because tune2fs is unavailable."
+        return
+    fi
+
+    if tune2fs -l "$root_src" 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'project'; then
+        log "Ext4 project quota support already appears to be enabled."
+        return
+    fi
+
+    log "Ext4 project quota is not enabled. Disk limits will fall back to loopback images."
+}
+
+download_release_if_needed() {
+    if [ -f "./clicd" ]; then
+        return
+    fi
+
+    if [ "$CLICD_INSTALL_VERSION" = "latest" ]; then
+        download_url="https://github.com/${REPO}/releases/latest/download/${ASSET}"
+    else
+        download_url="https://github.com/${REPO}/releases/download/${CLICD_INSTALL_VERSION}/${ASSET}"
+    fi
+
+    log "clicd binary not found in current directory."
+    log "Downloading release package: ${download_url}"
+
+    tmp_dir="$(mktemp -d)"
+    trap 'rm -rf "$tmp_dir"' 0
+
+    if has_cmd curl; then
+        curl -fL "$download_url" -o "$tmp_dir/$ASSET"
+    elif has_cmd wget; then
+        wget -O "$tmp_dir/$ASSET" "$download_url"
+    else
+        die "curl or wget is required to download the release package."
+    fi
+
+    tar -xzf "$tmp_dir/$ASSET" -C "$tmp_dir"
+    cd "$tmp_dir/clicd-linux-amd64"
+    [ -f "./clicd" ] || die "Downloaded release package did not contain clicd."
+}
+
+install_binary() {
+    if has_cmd systemctl; then
+        systemctl stop clicd >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    fi
+    if has_cmd rc-service; then
+        rc-service clicd stop >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    fi
+
+    tmp_bin="/usr/local/bin/clicd.new.$$"
+    cp ./clicd "$tmp_bin"
+    chmod +x "$tmp_bin"
+    mv -f "$tmp_bin" /usr/local/bin/clicd
+    chmod +x /usr/local/bin/clicd
+    log "Installed binary: /usr/local/bin/clicd"
+}
+
+install_systemd_service() {
+    cat > /etc/systemd/system/clicd.service << 'EOF'
 [Unit]
 Description=CLICD - LXC Container Manager
 After=network.target lxc.service
@@ -115,23 +480,81 @@ Environment=PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
 WantedBy=multi-user.target
 EOF
 
-systemctl daemon-reload
-systemctl enable clicd
-systemctl restart clicd
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+    systemctl enable clicd
+    systemctl restart clicd
+}
 
+install_openrc_service() {
+    cat > /etc/init.d/clicd << 'EOF'
+#!/sbin/openrc-run
+
+name="CLICD"
+description="CLICD - LXC Container Manager"
+command="/usr/local/bin/clicd"
+command_args="server"
+command_background=true
+pidfile="/run/clicd.pid"
+output_log="/var/log/clicd.log"
+error_log="/var/log/clicd.err"
+
+depend() {
+    need net
+    after lxc
+}
+EOF
+
+    chmod +x /etc/init.d/clicd
+    rc-update add clicd default
+    rc-service clicd restart
+}
+
+install_service() {
+    log "Installing CLICD service..."
+
+    if is_systemd; then
+        install_systemd_service
+    elif is_openrc; then
+        install_openrc_service
+    else
+        die "No supported service manager found. CLICD supports systemd or OpenRC."
+    fi
+}
+
+print_summary() {
+    echo ""
+    echo "====================================="
+    echo "  Installation Complete"
+    echo "====================================="
+    echo "  Web: http://YOUR_SERVER_IP:8999"
+    echo "  Binary: /usr/local/bin/clicd"
+    if is_systemd; then
+        echo "  Service: systemctl {start|stop|restart|status} clicd"
+        echo "  Logs: journalctl -u clicd -f"
+    elif is_openrc; then
+        echo "  Service: rc-service clicd {start|stop|restart|status}"
+        echo "  Logs: tail -f /var/log/clicd.log /var/log/clicd.err"
+    fi
+    echo "====================================="
+    echo ""
+    echo "Initial credentials, if this was the first run:"
+    if is_systemd; then
+        journalctl -u clicd --no-pager -n 80 | grep -E "Username:|Password:" || true
+    else
+        grep -E "Username:|Password:" /var/log/clicd.log /var/log/clicd.err 2>/dev/null || true
+    fi
+    echo ""
+    echo "If no password is shown, this server already had /root/.clicd/config.json."
+    echo "The existing admin password cannot be recovered from the bcrypt hash."
+}
+
+install_dependencies
+configure_kernel_networking
+setup_lxc_services
+setup_subids
+try_enable_project_quota
+download_release_if_needed
+install_binary
+install_service
 sleep 2
-
-echo ""
-echo "====================================="
-echo "  Installation Complete"
-echo "====================================="
-echo "  Web: http://YOUR_SERVER_IP:8999"
-echo "  Service: systemctl {start|stop|restart|status} clicd"
-echo "  Logs: journalctl -u clicd -f"
-echo "====================================="
-echo ""
-echo "Initial credentials, if this was the first run:"
-journalctl -u clicd --no-pager -n 80 | grep -E "Username:|Password:" || true
-echo ""
-echo "If no password is shown, this server already had /root/.clicd/config.json."
-echo "The existing admin password cannot be recovered from the bcrypt hash."
+print_summary