diff --git a/internal/database/migrate.go b/internal/database/migrate.go
index be5144f..a03a02e 100644
--- a/internal/database/migrate.go
+++ b/internal/database/migrate.go
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func Migrate() error {
 	sig := getModelSignature(allModels)
 	if DB.Migrator().HasTable(&models.Setting{}) {
 		var sigSetting models.Setting
-		res := DB.Where("section = ? AND `key` = ?", "system", "schema_signature").Limit(1).Find(&sigSetting)
+		res := DB.Where(&models.Setting{Section: "system", Key: "schema_signature"}).Limit(1).Find(&sigSetting)
 		if res.RowsAffected > 0 && string(sigSetting.Value) == sig {
 			logger.Info("[Database] 模型指纹一致，跳过自动表结构同步")
 			return nil
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func Migrate() error {
 	// 3. 更新指纹记录
 	if DB.Migrator().HasTable(&models.Setting{}) {
 		var sigSetting models.Setting
-		res := DB.Where("section = ? AND `key` = ?", "system", "schema_signature").Limit(1).Find(&sigSetting)
+		res := DB.Where(&models.Setting{Section: "system", Key: "schema_signature"}).Limit(1).Find(&sigSetting)
 		if res.RowsAffected > 0 {
 			DB.Model(&sigSetting).Update("value", models.BigText(sig))
 		} else {
diff --git a/internal/services/backup_service.go b/internal/services/backup_service.go
index aef7f7a..0443991 100644
--- a/internal/services/backup_service.go
+++ b/internal/services/backup_service.go
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ func (s *BackupService) addDirToZip(zipWriter *zip.Writer, srcDir, prefix string
 
 func (s *BackupService) GetBackupFile() string {
 	var setting models.Setting
-	res := database.DB.Where("section = ? AND `key` = ?", BackupSection, BackupFileKey).Limit(1).Find(&setting)
+	res := database.DB.Where(&models.Setting{Section: BackupSection, Key: BackupFileKey}).Limit(1).Find(&setting)
 	if res.Error != nil || res.RowsAffected == 0 {
 		return ""
 	}
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ func (s *BackupService) ClearBackup() error {
 	filePath := s.GetBackupFile()
 	if filePath != "" {
 		os.Remove(filePath)
-		database.DB.Where("section = ? AND `key` = ?", BackupSection, BackupFileKey).Delete(&models.Setting{})
+		database.DB.Where(&models.Setting{Section: BackupSection, Key: BackupFileKey}).Delete(&models.Setting{})
 	}
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/internal/services/migration_v3.go b/internal/services/migration_v3.go
index e2a38ec..0a7911b 100644
--- a/internal/services/migration_v3.go
+++ b/internal/services/migration_v3.go
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func RunMigrationV3() error {
 	// 0. 检查迁移标记，防止重复迁移逻辑被误判触发
 	if db.Migrator().HasTable(&models.Setting{}) {
 		var migrationFlag models.Setting
-		res := db.Where("section = ? AND `key` = ?", "system", "migration_v3_success").Limit(1).Find(&migrationFlag)
+		res := db.Where(&models.Setting{Section: "system", Key: "migration_v3_success"}).Limit(1).Find(&migrationFlag)
 		if res.Error == nil && res.RowsAffected > 0 && migrationFlag.Value == "true" {
 			// 如果已经是字符串 ID 模式，双重确认
 			logger.Info("[MigrationV3] 系统已处于 V3 模式，跳过检查")
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func markMigrationSuccess(db *gorm.DB) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	var flag models.Setting
-	res := db.Where("section = ? AND `key` = ?", "system", "migration_v3_success").Limit(1).Find(&flag)
+	res := db.Where(&models.Setting{Section: "system", Key: "migration_v3_success"}).Limit(1).Find(&flag)
 	if res.Error != nil || res.RowsAffected == 0 {
 		// 创建或更新
 		flag = models.Setting{
diff --git a/internal/services/settings_service.go b/internal/services/settings_service.go
index f2045d2..5b540bf 100644
--- a/internal/services/settings_service.go
+++ b/internal/services/settings_service.go
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ func (s *SettingsService) InitSettings() error {
 	for section, keys := range constant.DefaultSettings {
 		for key, value := range keys {
 			var count int64
-			database.DB.Model(&models.Setting{}).Where("section = ? AND `key` = ?", section, key).Count(&count)
+			database.DB.Model(&models.Setting{}).Where(&models.Setting{Section: section, Key: key}).Count(&count)
 			if count == 0 {
 				if err := database.DB.Create(&models.Setting{
 					ID:      utils.GenerateID(),
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func (s *SettingsService) InitSettings() error {
 
 	for k, v := range defaultRetention {
 		var count int64
-		database.DB.Model(&models.Setting{}).Where("section = ? AND `key` = ?", constant.SectionSystem, k).Count(&count)
+		database.DB.Model(&models.Setting{}).Where(&models.Setting{Section: constant.SectionSystem, Key: k}).Count(&count)
 		if count == 0 {
 			s.Set(constant.SectionSystem, k, v)
 		}
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ func (s *SettingsService) InitSettings() error {
 
 	// 初始化或获取 JWT Secret 密码
 	var secCount int64
-	database.DB.Model(&models.Setting{}).Where("section = ? AND `key` = ?", constant.SectionSecurity, constant.KeySecret).Count(&secCount)
+	database.DB.Model(&models.Setting{}).Where(&models.Setting{Section: constant.SectionSecurity, Key: constant.KeySecret}).Count(&secCount)
 	var secretValue string
 	if secCount == 0 {
 		// 先尝试从配置文件读取遗留下来的旧设
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ func (s *SettingsService) Get(section, key string) string {
 		return cache.GetSiteCache(key)
 	}
 	var setting models.Setting
-	res := database.DB.Where("section = ? AND `key` = ?", section, key).Limit(1).Find(&setting)
+	res := database.DB.Where(&models.Setting{Section: section, Key: key}).Limit(1).Find(&setting)
 	if res.Error != nil || res.RowsAffected == 0 {
 		if def, ok := constant.DefaultSettings[section][key]; ok {
 			return def
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ func (s *SettingsService) Get(section, key string) string {
 // Set 设置单个值
 func (s *SettingsService) Set(section, key, value string) error {
 	var setting models.Setting
-	res := database.DB.Where("section = ? AND `key` = ?", section, key).Limit(1).Find(&setting)
+	res := database.DB.Where(&models.Setting{Section: section, Key: key}).Limit(1).Find(&setting)
 	if res.Error != nil || res.RowsAffected == 0 {
 		return database.DB.Create(&models.Setting{
 			ID:      utils.GenerateID(),
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ func (s *SettingsService) Set(section, key, value string) error {
 
 // Delete 删除单个设置
 func (s *SettingsService) Delete(section, key string) error {
-	return database.DB.Where("section = ? AND `key` = ?", section, key).Delete(&models.Setting{}).Error
+	return database.DB.Where(&models.Setting{Section: section, Key: key}).Delete(&models.Setting{}).Error
 }
 
 // GetSection 获取整个 section 的设置