修复了一些已知问题

backend/internal/api/handlers.go

@@ -38,6 +38,19 @@ func HandleContainers(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 }
 
+// HandleContainerListAlias supports legacy integrations that call
+// /api/containers/list or /api/v1/containers/list.
+func HandleContainerListAlias(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	if r.Method != http.MethodGet && r.Method != http.MethodPost {
+		jsonResponse(w, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, APIResponse{Success: false, Message: "Method not allowed"})
+		return
+	}
+	if !requireScope(w, r, "container:read") {
+		return
+	}
+	listContainers(w, r)
+}
+
 // HandleSingleContainer handles individual container operations by ID or name: /api/containers/{id-or-name}/...
 func HandleSingleContainer(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	path := strings.TrimPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/api/v1/containers/")

backend/internal/api/host.go

@@ -766,14 +766,15 @@ func detectDiskSMART(path string) HostDiskSMARTProbe {
 	smart.PowerOnHours = data.PowerOnTime.Hours
 	smart.PowerCycleCount = data.PowerCycleCount
 	if data.NVMe.PowerOnHours > 0 {
-		smart.PowerOnHours = int64(data.NVMe.PowerOnHours)
+		smart.PowerOnHours = uint64ToInt64(data.NVMe.PowerOnHours)
 	}
 	if data.NVMe.PowerCycles > 0 {
-		smart.PowerCycleCount = int64(data.NVMe.PowerCycles)
+		smart.PowerCycleCount = uint64ToInt64(data.NVMe.PowerCycles)
 	}
 	if data.NVMe.PercentageUsed > 0 {
-		used := int(data.NVMe.PercentageUsed)
+		if used, ok := smartPercentToInt(data.NVMe.PercentageUsed); ok {
-		smart.LifeUsedPercent = &used
+			smart.LifeUsedPercent = &used
+		}
 	}
 	smart.ReadDataBytes = data.NVMe.DataUnitsRead * 512000
 	smart.WrittenDataBytes = data.NVMe.DataUnitsWritten * 512000
@@ -829,11 +830,15 @@ func parseATAAttributes(smart *HostDiskSMARTProbe, attrs []smartctlAttribute) {
 		switch name {
 		case "poweronhours":
 			if smart.PowerOnHours == 0 {
-				smart.PowerOnHours = int64(raw)
+				if parsed, ok := smartAttrRawInt64(attr); ok {
+					smart.PowerOnHours = parsed
+				}
 			}
 		case "powercyclecount":
 			if smart.PowerCycleCount == 0 {
-				smart.PowerCycleCount = int64(raw)
+				if parsed, ok := smartAttrRawInt64(attr); ok {
+					smart.PowerCycleCount = parsed
+				}
 			}
 		case "totallbaswritten":
 			if smart.WrittenDataBytes == 0 {
@@ -868,7 +873,9 @@ func parseATAAttributes(smart *HostDiskSMARTProbe, attrs []smartctlAttribute) {
 			if smart.LifeUsedPercent == nil {
 				remaining := attr.Value
 				if raw > 0 && raw <= 100 {
-					remaining = int(raw)
+					if parsed, ok := smartPercentToInt(raw); ok {
+						remaining = parsed
+					}
 				}
 				used := 100 - remaining
 				if used < 0 {
@@ -880,8 +887,9 @@ func parseATAAttributes(smart *HostDiskSMARTProbe, attrs []smartctlAttribute) {
 			}
 		case "percentageused":
 			if smart.LifeUsedPercent == nil && raw <= 255 {
-				used := int(raw)
+				if used, ok := smartPercentToInt(raw); ok {
-				smart.LifeUsedPercent = &used
+					smart.LifeUsedPercent = &used
+				}
 			}
 		case "erasefailcounttotal", "erasecount", "nandwrites", "programfailcnttotal":
 			if smart.EraseCount == "" && rawText != "" {
@@ -893,6 +901,20 @@ func parseATAAttributes(smart *HostDiskSMARTProbe, attrs []smartctlAttribute) {
 	}
 }
 
+func uint64ToInt64(value uint64) int64 {
+	if value > 9223372036854775807 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return int64(value)
+}
+
+func smartPercentToInt(value uint64) (int, bool) {
+	if value > 2147483647 {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+	return int(value), true
+}
+
 func normalizeSMARTAttrName(name string) string {
 	name = strings.ToLower(name)
 	var b strings.Builder
@@ -914,6 +936,22 @@ func smartAttrRawText(attr smartctlAttribute) string {
 	return ""
 }
 
+func smartAttrRawInt64(attr smartctlAttribute) (int64, bool) {
+	text := smartAttrRawText(attr)
+	if value, err := strconv.ParseInt(text, 10, 64); err == nil {
+		return value, true
+	}
+	digits := firstUintText(text)
+	if digits == "" {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+	value, err := strconv.ParseInt(digits, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+	return value, true
+}
+
 func smartAttrRawUint(attr smartctlAttribute) uint64 {
 	text := smartAttrRawText(attr)
 	if value, err := strconv.ParseUint(text, 10, 64); err == nil {

backend/internal/lxc/lxc.go

@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ func (m *Manager) CreateContainer(cfg ContainerConfig) error {
 			fmt.Printf("Warning: failed to install IPv6 init in %s: %v\n", lxcName, err)
 		}
 	}
-	if err := m.preconfigureSSH(rootfsPath, sshPassword, cfg.TemplateID); err != nil {
+	if err := m.preconfigureSSH(rootfsPath, cfg.TemplateID); err != nil {
 		fmt.Printf("Warning: failed to pre-configure SSH in %s: %v\n", lxcName, err)
 	}
 
@@ -402,8 +402,7 @@ func (m *Manager) CreateContainer(cfg ContainerConfig) error {
 
 	// Set root password AFTER shiftRootfsForUnprivileged,
 	// otherwise /etc/shadow ownership breaks and SSHD cannot authenticate.
-	if err := m.runRootfsCommand(rootfsPath,
+	if err := m.setRootfsPassword(rootfsPath, sshPassword); err != nil {
-		"sh", "-c", fmt.Sprintf("printf '%%s:%%s\\n' root %s | chpasswd", shellQuote(sshPassword))); err != nil {
 		fmt.Printf("Warning: failed to set root password in %s: %v\n", lxcName, err)
 	}
 
@@ -472,11 +471,11 @@ IPv6AcceptRA=no
 }
 
 // preconfigureSSH installs and configures SSH directly in the rootfs before first boot.
-func (m *Manager) preconfigureSSH(rootfsPath, password, templateID string) error {
+func (m *Manager) preconfigureSSH(rootfsPath, templateID string) error {
 	_ = templateID
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 180*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
-	cmd, err := m.rootfsCommand(rootfsPath, "sh", "-c", sshSetupScript(password, false))
+	cmd, err := m.rootfsCommand(rootfsPath, "sh", "-c", sshSetupScript(false))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -1650,7 +1649,7 @@ func (m *Manager) EnsureSSH(id int) error {
 		config.SaveConfig()
 	}
 
-	script := sshSetupScript(c.SSHPassword, true)
+	script := sshSetupScript(true)
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 180*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
@@ -1662,6 +1661,9 @@ func (m *Manager) EnsureSSH(id int) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to configure SSH in container %d: %v, output: %s", id, err, string(output))
 	}
+	if err := m.quickEnsureSSHPassword(lxcName, c.SSHPassword); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set SSH password in container %d: %v", id, err)
+	}
 
 	if c.IP == "" {
 		if ip, ipErr := m.GetContainerIP(lxcName); ipErr == nil && ip != "" {
@@ -1680,13 +1682,13 @@ func (m *Manager) EnsureSSH(id int) error {
 }
 
 func (m *Manager) quickEnsureSSHPassword(lxcName, password string) error {
-	if password == "" {
+	if err := validateRootPassword(password); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("empty SSH password")
+		return err
 	}
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 8*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
-	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "lxc-attach", "-n", lxcName, "--", "sh", "-c",
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "lxc-attach", "-n", lxcName, "--", "chpasswd")
-		fmt.Sprintf("printf '%%s:%%s\\n' root %s | chpasswd", shellQuote(password)))
+	cmd.Stdin = strings.NewReader(rootPasswordInput(password))
 	output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to update SSH password quickly: %v, output: %s", err, string(output))
@@ -1694,6 +1696,20 @@ func (m *Manager) quickEnsureSSHPassword(lxcName, password string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func validateRootPassword(password string) error {
+	if password == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("empty SSH password")
+	}
+	if strings.ContainsAny(password, "\r\n") || strings.ContainsRune(password, '\x00') {
+		return fmt.Errorf("SSH password contains unsupported control characters")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func rootPasswordInput(password string) string {
+	return "root:" + password + "\n"
+}
+
 func (m *Manager) containerPortListening(lxcName string, port int) bool {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
@@ -1701,9 +1717,8 @@ func (m *Manager) containerPortListening(lxcName string, port int) bool {
 	return exec.CommandContext(ctx, "lxc-attach", "-n", lxcName, "--", "sh", "-c", check).Run() == nil
 }
 
-func sshSetupScript(password string, startService bool) string {
+func sshSetupScript(startService bool) string {
 	script := `set -u
-ROOT_PASSWORD=` + shellQuote(password) + `
 
 # DNS setup: handle both traditional /etc/resolv.conf and systemd-resolved (Ubuntu 24.04).
 # On modern distros, /etc/resolv.conf is a symlink managed by systemd-resolved.
@@ -1827,11 +1842,6 @@ set_sshd_option KbdInteractiveAuthentication no
 set_sshd_option ChallengeResponseAuthentication no
 set_sshd_option UsePAM no
 
-if [ -n "$ROOT_PASSWORD" ]; then
-	printf '%s:%s\n' root "$ROOT_PASSWORD" | chpasswd || exit 31
-	passwd -u root >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
-fi
-
 if command -v rc-update >/dev/null 2>&1; then
 	rc-update add sshd default >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
 fi
@@ -1912,16 +1922,11 @@ func (m *Manager) ResetSSHPassword(id int, password string) (string, error) {
 			return "", err
 		}
 		rootfsPath := filepath.Join(m.LxcPath, lxcName, "rootfs")
-		if err := m.preconfigureSSH(rootfsPath, newPassword, c.Template); err != nil {
+		if err := m.preconfigureSSH(rootfsPath, c.Template); err != nil {
 			return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to configure SSH: %v", err)
 		}
-		cmd, err := m.rootfsCommand(rootfsPath, "sh", "-c", fmt.Sprintf("printf '%%s:%%s\\n' root %s | chpasswd", shellQuote(newPassword)))
+		if err := m.setRootfsPassword(rootfsPath, newPassword); err != nil {
-		if err != nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to set password: %v", err)
-			return "", err
-		}
-		output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to set password: %v, output: %s", err, string(output))
 		}
 		c.SSHPassword = newPassword
 		config.SaveConfig()
@@ -1935,6 +1940,10 @@ func (m *Manager) rootfsCommand(rootfsPath string, args ...string) (*exec.Cmd, e
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	safeArgs, err := safeRootfsCommandArgs(args)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 
 	marker := filepath.Join(cleanRootfsPath, ".clicd-unprivileged-shifted")
 	if _, err := os.Stat(marker); err == nil {
@@ -1945,11 +1954,11 @@ func (m *Manager) rootfsCommand(rootfsPath string, args ...string) (*exec.Cmd, e
 				"-m", fmt.Sprintf("g:0:%d:65536", gidBase),
 				"--", "chroot", "--", cleanRootfsPath,
 			}
-			cmdArgs = append(cmdArgs, args...)
+			cmdArgs = append(cmdArgs, safeArgs...)
 			return exec.Command("lxc-usernsexec", cmdArgs...), nil
 		}
 	}
-	cmdArgs := append([]string{"--", cleanRootfsPath}, args...)
+	cmdArgs := append([]string{"--", cleanRootfsPath}, safeArgs...)
 	return exec.Command("chroot", cmdArgs...), nil
 }
 
@@ -1961,6 +1970,58 @@ func (m *Manager) runRootfsCommand(rootfsPath string, args ...string) error {
 	return cmd.Run()
 }
 
+func (m *Manager) setRootfsPassword(rootfsPath, password string) error {
+	if err := validateRootPassword(password); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	cmd, err := m.rootfsCommand(rootfsPath, "chpasswd")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	cmd.Stdin = strings.NewReader(rootPasswordInput(password))
+	output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%v, output: %s", err, string(output))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func safeRootfsCommandArgs(args []string) ([]string, error) {
+	if len(args) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("empty rootfs command")
+	}
+	allowed := map[string]bool{
+		"chpasswd":  true,
+		"rc-update": true,
+		"sh":        true,
+		"systemctl": true,
+	}
+	if !allowed[args[0]] || strings.HasPrefix(args[0], "-") || strings.Contains(args[0], "/") {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("rootfs command is not allowed: %s", args[0])
+	}
+	for _, arg := range args {
+		if strings.ContainsRune(arg, '\x00') {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("rootfs command argument contains NUL byte")
+		}
+	}
+	if args[0] == "sh" {
+		if len(args) != 3 || args[1] != "-c" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported rootfs shell invocation")
+		}
+		if !isCLICDManagedRootfsScript(args[2]) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("refusing unmanaged rootfs shell script")
+		}
+	}
+	return append([]string(nil), args...), nil
+}
+
+func isCLICDManagedRootfsScript(script string) bool {
+	return strings.Contains(script, "99-clicd.conf") &&
+		strings.Contains(script, "install_sshd") &&
+		!strings.Contains(script, "ROOT_PASSWORD") &&
+		!strings.Contains(script, "chpasswd")
+}
+
 func (m *Manager) safeRootfsPath(rootfsPath string) (string, error) {
 	if rootfsPath == "" {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("empty rootfs path")
@@ -1993,6 +2054,13 @@ func (m *Manager) safeRootfsPath(rootfsPath string) (string, error) {
 	if rel == "." || rel == ".." || strings.HasPrefix(rel, ".."+string(os.PathSeparator)) || filepath.IsAbs(rel) {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("refusing unsafe rootfs path: %s", cleanRootfsPath)
 	}
+	parts := strings.Split(rel, string(os.PathSeparator))
+	if len(parts) != 2 || parts[1] != "rootfs" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("refusing nested or malformed rootfs path: %s", cleanRootfsPath)
+	}
+	if strings.HasPrefix(parts[0], "-") || !regexp.MustCompile(`^[A-Za-z0-9_.-]+$`).MatchString(parts[0]) {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("refusing unsafe container directory name: %s", parts[0])
+	}
 	return cleanRootfsPath, nil
 }
 
@@ -2235,6 +2303,85 @@ func (m *Manager) ImportExistingClicdContainers() ([]config.Container, error) {
 	return imported, nil
 }
 
+func (m *Manager) replaceRootfsFromTemplate(lxcName string, tmpl *Template) error {
+	if tmpl == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("template is nil")
+	}
+	tmpName := fmt.Sprintf("clicd-reinstall-%s-%s", lxcName, generateRandomString(8))
+	tmpDir := filepath.Join(m.LxcPath, tmpName)
+	if err := os.RemoveAll(tmpDir); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to clean temporary reinstall directory: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer m.cleanupTemporaryContainer(tmpName)
+
+	args := []string{
+		"-n", tmpName,
+		"-t", "download",
+		"--",
+		"-d", tmpl.Distro,
+		"-r", tmpl.Release,
+		"-a", tmpl.Arch,
+	}
+	if tmpl.Variant != "" {
+		args = append(args, "--variant", tmpl.Variant)
+	}
+	output, err := exec.Command("lxc-create", args...).CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to download replacement rootfs: %v, output: %s", err, string(output))
+	}
+
+	tmpRootfs := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "rootfs")
+	if !rootfsHasInit(tmpRootfs) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("downloaded replacement rootfs is invalid: init not found")
+	}
+
+	rootfsPath := filepath.Join(m.LxcPath, lxcName, "rootfs")
+	if err := m.ensureDiskImageMounted(lxcName); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	m.unmountRootfsChildMounts(rootfsPath)
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(rootfsPath, 0755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := removeDirectoryContents(rootfsPath); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to clear old rootfs: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := copyRootfsContents(tmpRootfs, rootfsPath); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !rootfsHasInit(rootfsPath) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("replacement rootfs copy failed: init not found")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *Manager) cleanupTemporaryContainer(lxcName string) {
+	exec.Command("lxc-stop", "-n", lxcName, "-k").Run()
+	exec.Command("lxc-destroy", "-n", lxcName, "-f").Run()
+	os.RemoveAll(filepath.Join(m.LxcPath, lxcName))
+}
+
+func removeDirectoryContents(dir string) error {
+	entries, err := os.ReadDir(dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		if err := os.RemoveAll(filepath.Join(dir, entry.Name())); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func copyRootfsContents(src, dst string) error {
+	output, err := exec.Command("cp", "-a", src+string(os.PathSeparator)+".", dst+string(os.PathSeparator)).CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to copy replacement rootfs: %v, output: %s", err, string(output))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // ReinstallContainer reinstalls the container OS
 func (m *Manager) ReinstallContainer(id int, templateID string) error {
 	c := config.FindContainer(id)
@@ -2258,28 +2405,10 @@ func (m *Manager) ReinstallContainer(id int, templateID string) error {
 	// Clean port mappings temporarily
 	m.CleanPortMappings(id)
 
-	// Destroy old LXC but keep config. lxc-destroy can leave the config
+	// Download the new OS into a temporary container, then replace only the
-	// directory behind when rootfs mounts are still present, which makes the
+	// existing rootfs. The target container directory and config are preserved.
-	// following lxc-create fail with "Container already exists".
+	if err := m.replaceRootfsFromTemplate(lxcName, tmpl); err != nil {
-	exec.Command("lxc-stop", "-n", lxcName, "-k").Run()
+		return err
-	rootfs := filepath.Join(m.LxcPath, lxcName, "rootfs")
-	exec.Command("umount", "-R", "-l", rootfs).Run()
-	exec.Command("lxc-destroy", "-n", lxcName, "-f").Run()
-	exec.Command("umount", "-R", "-l", rootfs).Run()
-	os.RemoveAll(filepath.Join(m.LxcPath, lxcName))
-
-	// Create new container with same LXC name (preserves ID)
-	cmd := exec.Command("lxc-create",
-		"-n", lxcName,
-		"-t", "download",
-		"--",
-		"-d", tmpl.Distro,
-		"-r", tmpl.Release,
-		"-a", tmpl.Arch,
-	)
-	output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("lxc-create failed: %v, output: %s", err, string(output))
 	}
 
 	if err := m.applyDiskLimit(lxcName, c.DiskGB); err != nil {
@@ -2319,14 +2448,13 @@ func (m *Manager) ReinstallContainer(id int, templateID string) error {
 	if c.SSHPassword == "" {
 		c.SSHPassword = generateRandomString(16)
 	}
-	if err := m.preconfigureSSH(rootfsPath, c.SSHPassword, templateID); err != nil {
+	if err := m.preconfigureSSH(rootfsPath, templateID); err != nil {
 		fmt.Printf("Warning: failed to pre-configure SSH in %s after reinstall: %v\n", lxcName, err)
 	}
 	if err := m.shiftRootfsForUnprivileged(lxcName); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := m.runRootfsCommand(rootfsPath,
+	if err := m.setRootfsPassword(rootfsPath, c.SSHPassword); err != nil {
-		"sh", "-c", fmt.Sprintf("printf '%%s:%%s\\n' root %s | chpasswd", shellQuote(c.SSHPassword))); err != nil {
 		fmt.Printf("Warning: failed to set root password in %s after reinstall: %v\n", lxcName, err)
 	}
 

backend/internal/lxc/lxc_test.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 )
 
-func TestRootfsCommandAddsSeparatorAndPreservesArgs(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRootfsCommandAddsSeparatorForAllowedCommand(t *testing.T) {
 	base := t.TempDir()
 	rootfs := filepath.Join(base, "ct-1", "rootfs")
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(rootfs, 0755); err != nil {
@@ -16,18 +16,31 @@ func TestRootfsCommandAddsSeparatorAndPreservesArgs(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	m := &Manager{LxcPath: base}
-	cmd, err := m.rootfsCommand(rootfs, "sh", "-c", "true", "--flag")
+	cmd, err := m.rootfsCommand(rootfs, "chpasswd")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("rootfsCommand returned error: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	want := []string{"chroot", "--", rootfs, "sh", "-c", "true", "--flag"}
+	want := []string{"chroot", "--", rootfs, "chpasswd"}
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(cmd.Args, want) {
 		t.Fatalf("cmd.Args = %#v, want %#v", cmd.Args, want)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestRootfsCommandAllowsLeadingDashContainerName(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRootfsCommandRejectsUnmanagedCommand(t *testing.T) {
+	base := t.TempDir()
+	rootfs := filepath.Join(base, "ct-1", "rootfs")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(rootfs, 0755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	m := &Manager{LxcPath: base}
+	if _, err := m.rootfsCommand(rootfs, "true"); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("rootfsCommand allowed unmanaged command")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRootfsCommandRejectsLeadingDashContainerName(t *testing.T) {
 	base := t.TempDir()
 	rootfs := filepath.Join(base, "-ct", "rootfs")
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(rootfs, 0755); err != nil {
@@ -35,14 +48,8 @@ func TestRootfsCommandAllowsLeadingDashContainerName(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	m := &Manager{LxcPath: base}
-	cmd, err := m.rootfsCommand(rootfs, "true")
+	if _, err := m.rootfsCommand(rootfs, "chpasswd"); err == nil {
-	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal("rootfsCommand allowed leading-dash container name")
-		t.Fatalf("rootfsCommand returned error: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	want := []string{"chroot", "--", rootfs, "true"}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(cmd.Args, want) {
-		t.Fatalf("cmd.Args = %#v, want %#v", cmd.Args, want)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -64,7 +71,7 @@ func TestRootfsCommandRejectsUnsafeRootfsPaths(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			if _, err := m.rootfsCommand(tc.path, "true"); err == nil {
+			if _, err := m.rootfsCommand(tc.path, "chpasswd"); err == nil {
 				t.Fatalf("rootfsCommand(%q) returned nil error", tc.path)
 			}
 		})

backend/internal/server/server.go

@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ func setupRoutes(mux *http.ServeMux) {
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/change-username", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleAdminUsernameChange)))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/login-logs", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleLoginLogs)))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/containers", corsMiddleware(api.AuthMiddleware(api.SubUserMiddleware(api.HandleContainers))))
+	mux.HandleFunc("/api/containers/list", corsMiddleware(api.AuthMiddleware(api.SubUserMiddleware(api.HandleContainerListAlias))))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/containers/", corsMiddleware(api.AuthMiddleware(api.SubUserMiddleware(api.HandleSingleContainer))))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/templates", corsMiddleware(api.AuthMiddleware(api.HandleTemplates)))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/images", corsMiddleware(api.AdminMiddleware(api.HandleImages)))
@@ -117,6 +118,7 @@ func setupRoutes(mux *http.ServeMux) {
 	// Versioned external API routes
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/v1/dashboard", corsMiddleware(api.AuthMiddleware(api.HandleDashboard)))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/v1/containers", corsMiddleware(api.AuthMiddleware(api.SubUserMiddleware(api.HandleContainers))))
+	mux.HandleFunc("/api/v1/containers/list", corsMiddleware(api.AuthMiddleware(api.SubUserMiddleware(api.HandleContainerListAlias))))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/v1/containers/", corsMiddleware(api.AuthMiddleware(api.SubUserMiddleware(api.HandleSingleContainer))))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/v1/templates", corsMiddleware(api.AuthMiddleware(api.HandleTemplates)))
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/v1/images", corsMiddleware(api.AuthMiddleware(api.HandleImages)))

frontend/src/pages/ApiIntegration.tsx

@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@ const endpointGroups = [
     title: '容器',
     endpoints: [
       ['GET', '/api/v1/containers', '容器列表'],
+      ['POST', '/api/v1/containers/list', '容器列表（兼容旧接口）'],
       ['POST', '/api/v1/containers', '创建容器'],
       ['GET', '/api/v1/containers/{id|uuid|name}', '容器详情'],
       ['POST', '/api/v1/containers/{id}/start', '开机'],
@@ -472,8 +473,9 @@ export default function ApiIntegration() {
         {showDocs && (
           <div className="space-y-6 p-5">
             <div className="rounded-lg bg-gray-900 p-4 font-mono text-xs text-gray-100">
-              <div>curl -H "X-API-Key: clicd_sk_xxxx" {BASE_URL}/api/v1/containers</div>
+              <div>curl -X GET {BASE_URL}/api/v1/containers -H "X-API-Key: clicd_sk_xxxx"</div>
-              <div className="mt-2 text-gray-400">curl -H "Authorization: Bearer clicd_sk_xxxx" {BASE_URL}/api/v1/dashboard</div>
+              <div className="mt-2 text-gray-400">curl -X GET {BASE_URL}/api/v1/dashboard -H "Authorization: Bearer clicd_sk_xxxx"</div>
+              <div className="mt-2 text-amber-300">旧版 /api/containers/list 已兼容，但新接入请使用 GET /api/v1/containers</div>
             </div>
 
             {endpointGroups.map(group => (

frontend/src/pages/ContainerDetail.tsx

@@ -452,10 +452,10 @@ export default function ContainerDetail() {
     const digits = '23456789'
     const symbols = '!@#$%*-_+='
     const all = letters + digits + symbols
-    const pick = (chars: string) => chars[Math.floor(Math.random() * chars.length)]
+    const pick = (chars: string) => chars[secureRandomInt(chars.length)]
     let password = pick(letters) + pick(digits)
     while (password.length < 16) password += pick(all)
-    setResetPasswordDraft(password.split('').sort(() => Math.random() - 0.5).join(''))
+    setResetPasswordDraft(secureShuffle(password.split('')).join(''))
     setResetPasswordResult('')
   }
 
@@ -2054,6 +2054,32 @@ function TrafficBar({ container }: { container: Container }) {
   )
 }
 
+function secureRandomInt(maxExclusive: number) {
+  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(maxExclusive) || maxExclusive <= 0) {
+    throw new Error('invalid random range')
+  }
+  const values = new Uint32Array(1)
+  const maxUint32 = 0x100000000
+  const limit = Math.floor(maxUint32 / maxExclusive) * maxExclusive
+  let value = 0
+  do {
+    crypto.getRandomValues(values)
+    value = values[0]
+  } while (value >= limit)
+  return value % maxExclusive
+}
+
+function secureShuffle<T>(items: T[]) {
+  const next = [...items]
+  for (let i = next.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
+    const j = secureRandomInt(i + 1)
+    const value = next[i]
+    next[i] = next[j]
+    next[j] = value
+  }
+  return next
+}
+
 function getTemplateIcon(id: string): ReactNode {
   const size = 'w-6 h-6'
   id = id.startsWith('kvm-') ? id.slice(4) : id